1、Designation: A 439 83 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Specification forAustenitic Ductile Iron Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers austenitic ductile iron c
3、astings,which are used primarily for their resistance to heat, corrosion,and wear, and for other special purposes.1.2 Austenitic ductile iron, also known as austenitic nodulariron or austenitic spheroidal iron, is characterized by having itsgraphite substantially in a spheroidal form and substantial
4、lyfree of flake graphite. It contains some carbides and sufficientalloy content to produce an austenitic structure.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyan
5、d are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA 732/A 732M Specification for Castings, Investment, Car-bon and Low Alloy Steel for General Application, andCobalt Alloy for High Strength at Elevated T
6、emperaturesE8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsE30Methods for Chemical Analysis of Ferroalloys3E59 Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determinationof Chemical Composition3E 351 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Cast IronAll Types3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for ma
7、terial to this specification shall include thefollowing information:3.1.1 ASTM designation,3.1.2 Type of austenitic ductile iron required (see 6.1),3.1.3 Heat treatment required (see 4.2-4.4),3.1.4 If repair of castings is permitted (see 4.5),3.1.5 Size and number of test bars required (see 9.1-9.4
8、and10.1),3.1.6 Special tests, if required (see 12.1),3.1.7 Certification, if required (see 14.1), and3.1.8 Different preparation for delivery requirements, ifneeded (see 15.1).4. Manufacture4.1 Melting may be done in any furnaces that producecastings meeting the chemical and mechanical requirementso
9、utlined in this specification. These include cupolas, air fur-naces, electric furnaces, crucible furnaces, etc.4.2 By agreement between the manufacturer and the pur-chaser, the castings may be stress relieved by heating to 1150to 1200F (621 to 650C) for not less than 1 h nor more than2 h per inch of
10、 thickness in the thickest section. Heating andcooling shall be uniform and shall not be more than 400F(222C)/h for castings less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in maximumthickness, nor more than 400F (222C) divided by themaximum section thickness in inches for thicker castings.During the cooling cycle, casti
11、ngs may be cooled in still airafter the temperature has dropped to 600F (315C).4.3 Whenever dimensional changes in high-temperatureservice are a problem, by agreement between the manufacturerand the purchaser, the castings may be stabilized by heating at1600F (870C) for 1 h per inch of section, with
12、 a minimum of1 h. Otherwise, the austenite, which is super-saturated withrespect to carbon, may reject carbon during service andproduce dimensional changes.4.4 By agreement between the manufacturer and the pur-chaser, castings with chilled edges or excessive carbides maybe annealed at 1750 to 1900F
13、(955 to 1040C) for12 to5hfollowed by uniform cooling, preferably in still air.4.5 Repair by welding, plugging, or other approved methodsmay be done only with written permission from the purchaser.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is the direct re
14、sponsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable andDuctile Iron Castings.Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A 439 - 83 (2004).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orconta
15、ct ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
16、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Magnetic Properties5.1 In the event that nonmagnetic castings are specified, themagnetic permeability test shall be used. The maximummagnetic permeability value shall be agreed upon between themanufacturer and the purchaser.N
17、OTE 1A convenient shop test for differentiating the various types ofaustenitic ductile iron is based on the fact that a ground face of either thetest bar or the castings of Types D-2 and D-2C will not attract a small steelhorseshoe-type magnet which is normally attracted to steel (Alnicomagnet shoul
18、d not be used). Types D-3, D-3A, D-5, and D-5B areattracted, and types D-2B and D-4 may be slightly attracted. Thisnonmagnetic test is a convenient qualitative test only for Types D-2 andD-2C and shall not be used as a basis for acceptance.6. Chemical Requirements6.1 Many combinations of alloys can
19、be used to obtain anaustenitic ductile iron. This specification includes nine generaltypes defined by the composition limits in Table 1.6.2 Samples taken from test coupons, broken test speci-mens, or castings shall conform to the requirements as tochemical composition prescribed in Table 1. Sampling
20、 shall beconducted in accordance with Practice E59 and chemicalanalyses in accordance with Test Methods E 351 and E30. TestMethods E30 should only be used for analyzing those ele-ments for which specific coverage is not provided for in TestMethods E 351.6.3 Spectrometric techniques may also be used
21、for analysis,but should a dispute arise concerning chemical composition,Test Methods E 351 and E30 shall be used for refereemethods.6.4 The chemical analysis for total carbon shall be made oneither chilled cast pencil-type specimens or thin wafers ap-proximately132 in. (0.8 mm) thick cut from test c
22、oupons.Drillings shall not be used because of attendant loss ofgraphite.7. Mechanical Requirements7.1 Test specimens of austenitic ductile iron made accordingto this specification shall meet the test requirements prescribedin Table 2.7.2 The yield strength shall be determined in accordancewith Test
23、Methods E8, using one of the following procedures:the 0.2 % off-set method or the extension under load methodmay be used, by agreement between the purchaser and themanufacturer.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 The castings shall conform substantially to the dimen-sions on the drawings furni
24、shed by the purchaser, or if nodrawing has been provided, to the dimensions predicated bythe pattern supplied by the purchaser. The castings shall be freeof injurious defects. Surfaces of the castings shall be free ofburnt-on sand and shall be reasonably smooth. Runners, risers,fins, and other usele
25、ss cast-on pieces shall be removed. In otherrespects, the castings shall conform to whatever points may bespecifically agreed upon between the manufacturer and thepurchaser.9. Test Bars9.1 The standard test bars shall be the 1-in. (25.4-mm) “Y”block and 1-in. (25.4-mm) keel block as shown in Fig. 1
26、andFig. 2, respectively. A modified keel block cast from the moldshown in Fig. 3 may be substituted for the 1-in. (25.4-mm) “Y”block or the 1-in. keel block.9.2 Whenever the section size of the castings is consider-ably less or greater than 1 in. (25.4 mm) and by agreementbetween the purchaser and t
27、he manufacturer, the12-in. (12.7-mm) or 3-in. (76.2-mm) “Y” blocks shown in Fig. 1 may beused.9.3 The test bars shall be cast in open molds made of asuitable core sand with a minimum of 112 in. (38.1 mm) ofsand on all sides and bottom of the12 and 1-in. (12.7 and25.4-mm) test bars and 3 in. (76.2 mm
28、) of sand for the 3-in.(76.2-mm) test bar.9.4 When investment castings are made to this specification,the manufacturer may use test specimens cast to size incorpo-rated in the mold with the castings, or separately cast to sizeusing the same type of mold and the same thermal conditionsthat are used t
29、o produce the castings. These test specimensshall be made to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 of Specifica-tion A 732/A 732M or Fig. 4 and Fig. 3 of Test Methods andDefinitions A 370.9.5 It is recommended that test bars be poured immediatelyafter the castings and from the same ladle of metal. Test bar
30、sshall be left in the mold until they have cooled to a blackappearance. If castings are to be heat treated, test bars shall beincluded in the same furnace load.10. Number of Tests10.1 Test bars shall be poured from each ladle treated withnodularizing agent, unless otherwise specified.TABLE 1 Chemica
31、l RequirementsElementTypeD-2AD-2B D-2C D-3AD-3A D-4 D-5 D-5B D-5SComposition, %Total carbon, max 3.00 3.00 2.90 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.40 2.40 2.30Silicon 1.503.00 1.503.00 1.003.00 1.002.80 1.002.80 5.006.00 1.002.80 1.002.80 4.905.50Manganese 0.701.25 0.701.25 1.802.40 1.00 maxB1.00 maxB1.00 maxB1.00 ma
32、xB1.00 maxB1.00 maxPhosphorus, max 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08Nickel 18.0022.00 18.0022.00 21.0024.00 28.0032.00 28.0032.00 28.0032.00 34.0036.00 34.0036.00 34.0037.00Chromium 1.752.75 2.754.00 0.50 maxB2.503.50 1.001.50 4.505.50 0.10 max 2.003.00 1.752.25AAdditions of 0.7 to 1.0 %
33、of molybdenum will increase the mechanical properties above 800F (425C).BNot intentionally added.A 439 83 (2009)210.2 The number of test bars cast shall be agreed upon bythe manufacturer and the purchaser.10.3 One tension test shall be made from sections cut fromthe test bars as shown in Fig. 4. If
34、any tension test showsobvious foundry or machining defects, another specimen maybe cut from the same test bar or from another test barrepresenting the same metal. If the retest specimen fails toconform to this specification, the castings they represent shallbe rejected.11. Tension Test Specimens11.1
35、 The standard round tension test specimen with 2-in. or50-mm gage length shown in Fig. 5 shall be used, except whenthe12-in. (12.7-mm) “Y” block is used or when specimens arecut from castings under34-in. (19.0-mm) thickness. In thesecases, either of the test specimens shown in Fig. 6 shall besatisfa
36、ctory.11.2 By agreement between the manufacturer and the pur-chaser, tension test specimens may be cut directly fromcentrifugal or other permanent mold castings. The location andorientation of such tension test specimens cut from castingsshall be specified as agreed upon by the manufacturer and thep
37、urchaser.12. Additional Tests12.1 Hydrostatic tests for pressure castings, radiographystandards, fracture tests, microstructure standards, or any otherTABLE 2 Mechanical RequirementsElementTypeD-2 D-2B D-2C D-3 D-3A D-4 D-5 D-5B D-5SPropertiesTensile strength, min, ksi (MPa) 58 (400) 58 (400) 58 (40
38、0) 55 (379) 55 (379) 60 (414) 55 (379) 55 (379) 65 (449)Yield strength (0.2 % offset), min, ksi (MPa) 30 (207) 30 (207) 28 (193) 30 (207) 30 (207) . . . 30 (207) 30 (207) 30 (207)Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 8.0 7.0 20.0 6.0 10.0 . . . 20.0 6.0 10Brinell hardness (3000 kg) 139202 148211 1211
39、71 139202 131193 202273 131185 139193 131193Dimensions“Y” Block SizeFor Castings of Thickness Lessthan12 in. (13 mm)For Castings of Thickness12 in.(13 mm) to 112 in. (38 mm)For Castings of Thickness 112 in.(38 mm) and Overin. mm in. mm in. mmA12 13 1 25 3 75B158 40 218 54 5 125C 2 50 3 75 4 100D 4 1
40、00 6 150 8 200E 7 175 7 175 7 175approx approx approx approx approx approxFIG. 1 “Y” Blocks for Test CouponsMetric Equivalentsin.12 1112 212mm 13 25 38 63NOTEThe length of the keel block shall be 6 in. (150 mm).FIG. 2 Keel Block for Test CouponsA 439 83 (2009)3special tests may be set up by mutual a
41、greement between themanufacturer and the purchaser.13. Responsibility for Inspection13.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchaseorder, the manufacturer is responsible for the performance ofall inspection requirements as specified herein. Except asotherwise specified in the contract or
42、 order, the manufacturermay use his own or any other facilities suitable for theperformance of the inspection requirements specified herein,unless disapproved by the purchaser. The purchaser reservesthe right to perform any of the inspections set forth in thespecification where such inspections are
43、deemed necessary toassure supplies and services conform to prescribed require-ments.14. Certification14.1 When agreed upon in writing by the purchaser and thesupplier, a certification shall be made the basis of acceptance ofthe material. This shall consist of a copy of the manufacturerstest report o
44、r a statement by the supplier, accompanied by acopy of the test results that the material has been tested andinspected in accordance with the provisions of this specifica-tion. Each certification so furnished shall be signed by anauthorized agent of the supplier or manufacturer.15. Packaging and Pac
45、kage Marking15.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchaseorder, preservation and packaging of casting shall be inaccordance with the manufacturers commercial practice.Packing and marking shall also be adequate to ensure accep-tance and safe delivery by the carrier for the mode oftransp
46、ortation employed.16. Keywords16.1 austenitic; corrosion resistant; ductile iron; mechanicalproperties; nodular iron; tensile strength; yield strengthFIG. 3 Mold for Modified Keel BlockA 439 83 (2009)4FIG. 4 Sectioning Procedure for “Y” BlocksMetric Equivalentsin. mm in. mm0.005 0.01 0.50 12.70.01 0
47、.3 2 50.818 3.2 214 57.238 9.5NOTEThe gage length and fillets shall be as shown but the ends maybe of any shape to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way thatthe load shall be axial. The reduced section shall have a gradual taper fromthe ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0
48、.005 in. (0.08 to 0.13mm) larger in diameter than the center.FIG. 5 Standard Round Tension Test Specimen with 2-in. (50.8-mm) Gage LengthA 439 83 (2009)5ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. U
49、sers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headqua
