1、Designation: A 471/A 471M 09Standard Specification forVacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine RotorDisks and Wheels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 471/A 471M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steelforgings intended for use as turbine rotor dis
3、ks and wheels.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-co
4、nformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
5、rior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 275/A 275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examinationof Steel ForgingsA 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA 388/A 388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination ofSteel ForgingsA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and
6、 Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA 788/A 788M Specification for Steel Forgings, GeneralRequirementsE 139 Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture,and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials3. Ordering Information3.1 Material supplied to this specification shall conform t
7、othe requirements of Specification A 788/A 788M, which out-lines additional ordering information, manufacturing methodsand procedures, marking, certification, production analysisvariations, and additional supplementary requirements.3.2 The purchaser shall specify in the inquiry and order theclass of
8、 steel desired and test and purchase options (see 4.5.5,5.2.2, 6.1, 6.3, Section 7, and 15.1).3.3 Forging DrawingEach forging shall be manufacturedin accordance with a purchaser-supplied drawing showing thefinished dimensions and the locations of mechanical testspecimens.3.4 Supplementary requiremen
9、ts are provided and shallapply only when specified in the purchasers order.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Melting Process:4.1.1 The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnaceprocess, with additional ladle refining being optional.4.1.2 Provisions for subsequent secondary melting of thesteel b
10、y the consumable electrode-electroslag or vacuum-arcremelting processes are included in Supplementary Require-ment S4.4.2 The vacuum degassing requirements of SpecificationA 788/A 788M are mandatory.4.3 DiscardSufficient discard shall be taken from eachingot to secure freedom from pipe and undue seg
11、regation in thefinished forging.4.4 Forging ProcessThe forgings shall receive their hotmechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficientpower to work the metal throughout its section. The forgingsshall be upset by forming from a block having an axial lengthbefore upsetting of at least two
12、 times the thickness of theforging after upsetting.4.4.1 The as-forged dimensions of each forging shall beplanned so the metal is shaped by forging as close as ispractical to the dimensions shown on the purchasers drawingso as to keep subsequent machining to a minimum.4.4.2 The axial center of the f
13、orging shall be maintained incommon with the axial center of the ingot.4.5 Heat Treatment:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.Current editi
14、on approved April 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as A 471 08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
15、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.5.1 Cooling Prior to Heat TreatmentAfter forging a
16、ndbefore reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall beallowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and toaccomplish transformation.4.5.2 Preliminary Heat TreatmentThe forgings shall begiven such preliminary heat treatment as is proper for thedesign and composition. The forgings shall be heated
17、 to asuitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for completeaustenitization and shall be suitably cooled to bring aboutcomplete transformation.4.5.3 Heat Treatment for Mechanical PropertiesThe forg-ings shall be reheated to a temperature above the upper criticaltemperature, held a sufficie
18、nt length of time for completeaustenitization, and liquid quenched.4.5.4 Tempering TemperatureThe forgings shall be tem-pered to develop the specified properties. The final temperingtemperature for Class 1 to 6 and 11 through 14 shall be not lessthan 1100F 595C, and for Class 10 not less than 1200F6
19、50C. The forgings shall be cooled under suitable conditionsfrom the tempering temperature.4.5.5 Stress ReliefUnless otherwise specified by the pur-chaser, the forgings shall be stress relieved after machining(see 4.6.2) by heating slowly to a temperature within 100F55C below the final tempering temp
20、erature but in no casebelow 1025F 550C for Classes 1 to 6 and 11 through 14 and1150F 620C for Class 10. They shall be held for a sufficientlength of time and then cooled under suitable conditions. Thisstress-relief temperature may be omitted provided the metalremoved in accordance with 4.6.2, exclud
21、ing test metal, doesnot exceed316 in. 5 mm on any surface.4.6 Machining:4.6.1 Preliminary MachiningThe forgings shall be pre-liminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment formechanical properties (see 4.5.3).4.6.2 Machining to Purchasers Requirements forShipmentAfter heat treatment for
22、 mechanical properties (see4.5.3), the forgings shall be machined to the dimensions of thepurchasers forging drawing or instructions on the order.5. Chemical Composition5.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemicalcomposition prescribed in Table 1.5.2 Chemical Analysis:5.2.1 Heat Anal
23、ysisAn analysis of each heat of steel shallbe made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages ofthose elements specified in Table 1. This analysis shall be madefrom a test ingot taken during the pouring of the heat.5.2.1.1 If the test sample taken for the ladle analysis is lostor declared inad
24、equate for chemical determinations, the manu-facturer may take alternative samples from appropriate loca-tions near the surface of the ingot or forging as necessary toestablish the analysis of the heat in question.5.2.2 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be madeby the purchaser on each forging.
25、Sample for an analysis maybe taken from the forging at any point from the mid-radius tothe outside diameter or from a full-size prolongation, orturnings may be taken from a test specimen. The chemicalcomposition thus determined shall not vary from the require-ments specified in Table 1 more than the
26、 amounts prescribed inTable 1 of Specification A 788/A 788M.5.3 Test Methods of AnalysisTest Methods, Practices, andTerminology A 751 shall be used for referee purposes.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 Tension TestThe material shall conform to the require-ment for tensile properties prescribed in Table 2
27、 when tested inaccordance with Test Methods and Definitions A 370. Tensiontest specimens shall be the standard round,12-in. 12.5-mmdiameter, 2-in. 50-mm gauge length as shown in Test Meth-ods and Definitions A 370. The yield strength prescribed inTable 2 shall be determined by the 0.2 % offset metho
28、d of TestMethods and Definitions A 370. The offset shall be 0.2 %unless 0.02 % is specified in the ordering information.6.2 Impact TestThe material shall conform to the require-ments for impact (both transition-temperature and room-temperature impact value) as prescribed in Table 2. The impacttests
29、shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods andDefinitions A 370 using standard full-size specimens.6.3 HardnessForgings made from Classes 11 to 14 andsubjected to group testing in accordance with 6.4.1 shallconform to the Brinell hardness requirements prescribed inTable 2 when tested in acco
30、rdance with Test Methods andDefinitions A 370.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsComposition, %Classes 1 to 6,inclClass 10 Classes 11 to 13,inclClass 14Carbon 0.28 maxA0.270.37 0.380.43 0.45 maxManganese 0.70 max 0.701.00 0.601.00 0.601.00Phosphorus 0.012 max 0.012 max 0.012 max 0.012 maxSulfur 0.015 max
31、0.015 max 0.015 max 0.015 maxSiliconBBBBBNickel 2.004.00 0.50 max 0.50 max 1.653.50Chromium 0.752.00 0.851.25 0.801.10 0.501.25Molybdenum 0.200.70 1.001.50 0.15 min 0.20 minVanadium 0.05 min 0.200.30 0.06 max optionalAntimonyCCCCAluminumD0.015 max 0.015 max 0.015 max 0.015 maxA0.35 % C max for Class
32、es 4 and 5; 0.40 % C, max, for Class 6.B0.10% max unless an alternative value, not in excess of 0.35%, is specified in the purchase order.CTo be reported for information only.DTotal of soluble and insoluble.A 471/A 471M 0926.4 Location and Number of TestsClasses 1 through 10tension and impact test s
33、pecimen shall be identified and takenfrom the locations as specified by the purchaser and agreed toby the producer. One tension test and a transition-temperaturedetermination, including room-temperature impact strengthshall be considered a minimum number of tests conducted onforgings made to this sp
34、ecification.6.4.1 For Classes 11 through 14 unless otherwise specifiedby the purchaser, tests shall be made as follows:6.4.1.1 Forgings 30 in. 750 mm and under in diameter maybe group tested. One tension test and one Charpy V-notch testshall be considered representative of each lot of forgingsmanufa
35、ctured from the same heat of material and heat treatedtogether. When group tested two Brinell tests, 180 apart, shallbe made on the same face of each forging near the rim.6.4.1.2 For forgings over 30 in. 750 mm in diameter, atleast one rim tension test and one Charpy V-notch test shall bemade from e
36、ach forging.6.4.1.3 LocationUnless otherwise specified, tension andCharpy V-notch specimens shall be taken on full thicknessprolongations on the forging periphery. The test specimen shallbe taken as close as possible to the quarter thickness of theforging, with the axis of the specimen tangential.6.
37、5 Removal of Test SpecimensRemoval of mechanicaltest specimens shall be done after all heat treatment, includingthe stress relief when required, has been completed. Testmaterial shall not be separated from the forging until after thequench and temper cycles. If separated prior to a requiredstress re
38、lief cycle, test material sufficient to satisfy 6.4 and ofthe proper orientation shall be included with the stress reliefcycle of the forgings and subsequently tested.7. Nondestructive Test Requirements7.1 General RequirementsThe forgings shall be free fromcracks, seams, laps, shrinkage, and other s
39、imilar imperfections.7.2 Ultrasonic InspectionAn ultrasonic inspection of theforgings shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstratefreedom from detrimental internal indications. In making theultrasonic inspection, reference shall be made to PracticeA 388/A 388M. Acceptance level shall be ag
40、reed upon be-tween the purchaser and manufacturer.7.3 Other nondestructive test methods such as dye pen-etrant, sulfur printing, or etching may be used upon request ofthe purchaser to evaluate the forging.8. Dimensions and Tolerances8.1 The forgings shall conform to the dimensions andtolerances spec
41、ified on the purchasers drawing or order.9. Finish and Appearance9.1 The forgings shall conform to the finish specified on thepurchasers drawing and shall have a good workmanlikeappearance.10. Retests10.1 If the results of the mechanical tests do not conform tothe requirements specified, retests are
42、 permitted as outlined inTest Methods and Definitions A 370 or as follows:10.1.1 If the percentage of elongation of any tension testspecimen is less than that specified because a flaw develops inthe test specimen during testing, a retest shall be allowed if theflaw is not caused by ruptures, cracks,
43、 porosity, or flakes in thesteel.TABLE 2 Tensile and Charpy Impact RequirementsClass 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6Tensile strength, min, ksi MPa 100 105 110 120 130 140690 725 760 830 900 965Yield strength, ksi MPa0.2 % offset 80100 90110 100120 110130 120140 130150550690 620760 690825 7
44、60895 825965 89510350.02 % offset 7595 85105 95115 105125 115135 125145520655 585725 655790 725860 790930 8601000Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 20 19 18 17 16 15Reduction of area, min, % 50 50 47 45 43 43Charpy V-notch impact, room temperature, ftlbf J, min 50 68 50 68 45 61 45 61 40 54 40 54T
45、ransition temperature, FATT50, F C, max 0 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 10 12 10 12Brinell hardness number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Class 10 Class 11 Class 12 Class 13 Class 14Tensile strength, min, ksi MPa 105 100 110 125 125725 690 760 860 860Yield strength, ksi MPa0.2 % offset 90105 . . . . . .6207
46、25 . . . . . . . . . . . .0.02 % offset 85100 7595 85105 105125 105125585690 515655 585725 725860 725860Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 15 20.0 18.0 16.0 18.0Reduction of area, min, % 30 50.0 48.0 45.0 45.0Charpy V-notch impact, room temperature, ftlbf J, min 10 14 15 20 15 20 15 20 15 20Transi
47、tion temperature, FATT50, F C, max 200 95AAAABrinell hardness number . . . 207255 229269 255302 255302ANot required.A 471/A 471M 09310.1.2 Room temperature impact values lower than theminimum specified, but not less than 80 % of the minimumshall be cause for retest. In this event, two additional adj
48、acentbars shall be broken to represent each failed bar. Bothspecimens shall have an impact strength above the minimumspecified and the average for the three bars shall be above theminimum specified. Room temperature impact values less than80 % of the specified value are not acceptable.11. Retreatmen
49、t11.1 If the results of the mechanical tests of any forgingdoes not conform to the specified requirements, the manufac-turer may retreat the forging one or more times, but not morethan three additional times without approval of the purchaser.12. Inspection12.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchasers inspectorall reasonable facilities nece
