1、Designation: A 609/A 609M 91 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forCastings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic StainlessSteel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof1This standard is issued under the fixed designationA609/A609M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defens
3、e.1. Scope1.1 This practice2covers the standards and procedures forthe pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heat-treated carbon,low-alloy, and martensitic stainless steel castings by thelongitudinal-beam technique.1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry,contract, order, or specification
4、 states that castings are to besubjected to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Prac-tice A 609/A 609M.1.3 This practice contains two procedures for ultrasonicinspection of carbon, low-alloy, and martensitic stainless steelcastings; that is, Procedure A and Procedure B. Procedure A isthe origi
5、nal A 609/A 609M practice and requires calibrationusing a series of test blocks containing flat bottomed holes. Italso provides supplementary requirements for angle beamtesting. Procedure B requires calibration using a back wallreflection from a series of solid calibration blocks.NOTE 1Ultrasonic ex
6、amination and radiography are not directlycomparable. This examination technique is intended to complement GuideE94in the detection of discontinuities.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brac
7、kets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system mustbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with this practice.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associ
8、ated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A 217/A 217M Specification for Steel Castings, MartensiticS
9、tainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suit-able for High-Temperature ServiceE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristicsof Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments2.2 Oth
10、er Document:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Non-DestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and Certification43. Ordering Information3.1 The inquiry and order should specify which procedure isto be used. If a procedure is not specified, ProcedureAshall beused.3.2 Procedure AFlat-Bottomed Hole Cali
11、bration Proce-dure:3.2.1 When this practice is to be applied to an inquiry,contract, or order, the purchaser shall furnish the followinginformation:3.2.1.1 Quality levels for the entire casting or portionsthereof,3.2.1.2 Sections of castings requiring longitudinal-beamexamination,3.2.1.3 Sections of
12、 castings requiring dual element exami-nation,3.2.1.4 Sections of castings requiring supplementary exami-nation, using the angle-beam procedure described in Supple-mentary Requirement S1 in order to achieve more completeexamination, and3.2.1.5 Any requirements additional to the provisions of thispra
13、ctice.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approv
14、ed in 2002 as A 609/A 609M 91(2002).2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi-cation SA-609 of Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSt
15、andards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
16、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3 Procedure B: Back-Wall Reflection CalibrationProcedureWhen this procedure is to be applied to an inquiry,contract, or order, the purchaser shall designate the qualitylevels for the entire casting or applicable portions.PROCEDURE AFLAT-BOTTOMED
17、 HOLECALIBRATION PROCEDURE4. Apparatus4.1 Electronic Apparatus:4.1.1 An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrumentthat is capable of generating, receiving, and amplifying fre-quencies of at least 1 to 5 MHz.4.1.2 The ultrasonic instrument shall provide linear presen-tation (within 65 %) for a
18、t least 75 % of the screen height(sweep line to top of screen). Linearity shall be determined inaccordance with Practice E 317 or equivalent electronic means.4.1.3 The electronic apparatus shall contain a signal attenu-ator or calibrated gain control that shall be accurate over itsuseful range to 61
19、0 % of the nominal attenuation or gain ratioto allow measurement of signals beyond the linear range of theinstrument.4.2 Search Units:4.2.1 Longitudinal Wave, internally grounded, havingato1! in. 13 to 28 mm diameter or 1-in. 25-mm squarepiezo-electric elements. Based on the signals-to-noise ratio o
20、fthe response pattern of the casting, a frequency in the rangefrom 1 to 5 MHz shall be used. The background noise shall notexceed 25 % of the distance amplitude correction curve(DAC). Transducers shall be utilized at their rated frequencies.4.2.2 Dual-Element, 5-MHz, by 1-in. 13 by 25-mm, 12included
21、 angle search units are recommended for sections 1 in.25 mm and under.4.2.3 Other frequencies and sizes of search units may beused for evaluating and pinpointing indications.4.3 Reference Blocks:4.3.1 Reference blocks containing flat-bottom holes shall beused to establish test sensitivity in accorda
22、nce with 8.2.4.3.2 Reference blocks shall be made from cast steels thatgive an acoustic response similar to the castings being exam-ined.4.3.3 The design of reference blocks shall be in accordancewith Fig. 1, and the basic set shall consist of those blocks listedin Table 1. When section thicknesses
23、over 15 in. 380-mm areto be inspected, an additional block of the maximum testthickness shall be made to supplement the basic set.4.3.4 Machined blocks with332-in. 2.4-mm diameter flat-bottom holes at depths from the entry surface of18 in. 3 mm,12 in. 13 mm, or12 t and34 in. 19 mm, or34 t (where t =
24、thickness of the block) shall be used to establish the DAC forthe dual-element search units (see Fig. 2).4.3.5 Each reference block shall be permanently identifiedalong the side of the block indicating the material and the blockidentification.4.4 CouplantA suitable couplant having good wettingcharac
25、teristics shall be used between the search unit andexamination surface. The same couplant shall be used forcalibrations and examinations.5. Personnel Requirements5.1 The manufacturer shall be responsible for assigningqualified personnel to perform ultrasonic examination in con-formance with the requ
26、irements of this practice.5.2 Personnel performing ultrasonic examinations in accor-dance with this practice shall be familiar with the following:5.2.1 Ultrasonic terminology,5.2.2 Instrument calibration,5.2.3 Effect of transducer material, size, frequency, andmode on test results,5.2.4 Effect of ma
27、terial structure (grain size, cleanliness,etc.) on test results,NOTE 1Opposite ends of reference block shall be flat and parallelwithin 0.001 in. 0.025 mm.NOTE 2Bottom of flat-bottom hole shall be flat within 0.002-in.0.051 mm and the finished diameter shall be14 + 0.002 in. 6.4 +0.050.NOTE 3Hole sh
28、all be straight and perpendicular to entry surfacewithin 0, 30 min and located within132 in. 0.80 mm of longitudinalaxis.NOTE 4Counter bore shall be12 in. 15.0 mm diameter by18 in. 5mm deep.FIG. 1 Ultrasonic Standard Reference BlockTABLE 1 Dimensions and Identification of Reference Blocks inthe Basi
29、c Set (See Fig. 1)Hole Diameterin164 ths, in.mmMetalDistance(B),in.AmmOverallLength(C),in.mmWidth orDiameter(D), min,in. mmBlockIdentifi-cationNumber16 6.4 1 25 134 45 2 50 16-010016 6.4 2 50 234 70 2 50 16-020016 6.4 3 75 334 95 2 50 16-030016 6.4 6 150 634 170 3 75 16-060016 6.4 10 255 1034 275 4
30、100 16-100016 6.4 B B +34 B + 20 5 125 16-B00BATolerance 618 in. 3 mm.BAdditional supplemental blocks for testing thickness greater than 10 in. 250mm, see 4.3.3.A 609/A 609M 91 (2007)25.2.5 Effect of test distance on test results,5.2.6 Effect of nonlinearity on test results,5.2.7 Effect of thickness
31、 and orientation of discontinuitieson test results, and5.2.8 Effect of surface roughness on test results.5.3 A qualification record (see Note 2) of personnel consid-ered suitable by the manufacturer to perform examinations inaccordance with this practice shall be available upon request.NOTE 2SNT-TC-
32、1A, Ultrasonic Testing Method, provides a recom-mended procedure for qualifying personnel. Other personnel qualificationrequirement documents may by used when agreed upon between thepurchaser and the supplier.6. Casting Conditions6.1 Castings shall receive at least an austenitizing heattreatment bef
33、ore being ultrasonically examined.6.2 Test surfaces of castings shall be free of material thatwill interfere with the ultrasonic examination. They may be ascast, blasted, ground, or machined.6.3 The ultrasonic examination shall be conducted prior tomachining that prevents an effective examination of
34、 the cast-ing.7. Test Conditions7.1 To assure complete coverage of the specified castingsection, each pass of the search unit shall overlap by at least10 % of the width of the transducer.7.2 The rate of scanning shall not exceed 6 in./s 150 mm/s.7.3 The ultrasonic beam shall be introduced perpendicu
35、larto the examination surface.8. Procedure8.1 Adjust the instrument controls to position the first backreflection for the thickness to be tested at least one half of thedistance across the cathode ray tube.8.2 Using the set of reference blocks spanning the thicknessof the casting being inspected, ma
36、rk the flat-bottom holeindication height for each of the applicable blocks on thecathode ray tube shield. Draw a curve through these marks onthe screen or on suitable graph paper. The maximum signalamplitude for the test blocks used shall peak at approximatelythree-fourths of the screen height above
37、 the sweep by use of theattenuator. This curve shall be referred to as the 100 % distanceamplitude correction (DAC) curve. If the attenuation of ultra-sound in the casting thickness being examined is such that thesystems dynamic range is exceeded, segmented DAC curvesare permitted.8.3 The casting ex
38、amination surface will normally berougher than that of the test blocks; consequently, employ atransfer mechanism to provide approximate compensation. Inorder to accomplish this, first select a region of the casting thathas parallel walls and a surface condition representative of therest of the casti
39、ng as a transfer point. Next, select the test blockwhose overall length, C (Fig. 1), most closely matches thereflection amplitude through the block length. Place the searchunit on the casting at the transfer point and adjust theNOTE 1Entrant surface shall be 250 in. 6.3 m or finer.NOTE 2 The332-in.
40、2.4 mm flat-bottom hole must be flat within 0.002 in. 0.05 mm. Diameter must be within +0.005 in. 0.13 mm of the requireddiameter. Hole axis must be perpendicular to the block and within an angle of 0, 30 min.NOTE 3Hole shall be plugged following checking for ultrasonic response.in. mm in. mm18 3 11
41、4 3214 6 112 3812 13 134 4434 19.0 2 501 25 10 254FIG. 2 Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block for Dual-Search Unit CalibrationA 609/A 609M 91 (2007)3instrument gain until the back reflection amplitude through thecasting matches that through the test block. Using this transfertechnique, the examinatio
42、n sensitivity in the casting may beexpected to be within 630 % or less of that given by the testblocks.8.4 Do not change those instrument controls and the testfrequency set during calibration, except the attenuator, orcalibrated gain control, during acceptance examination of agiven thickness of the
43、casting. Make a periodic calibrationduring the inspection by checking the amplitude of responsefrom the14-in. 6.4-mm diameter flat-bottom hole in the testblock utilized for the transfer.NOTE 3The attenuator or calibrated gain control may be used tochange the signal amplitude during examination to pe
44、rmit small amplitudesignals to be more readily detected. Signal evaluation is made by returningthe attenuator or calibrated gain control to its original setting.8.5 During examination of areas of the casting havingparallel walls, recheck areas showing 75 % or greater loss ofback reflection to determ
45、ine whether loss of back reflection isdue to poor contact, insufficient couplant, misoriented discon-tinuity, etc. If the reason for loss of back reflection is notevident, consider the area questionable and further investigate.9. Report9.1 The manufacturers report of final ultrasonic examina-tion sh
46、all contain the following data and shall be furnished tothe purchaser:9.1.1 The total number, location, amplitude, and area whenpossible to delineate boundaries by monitoring the movementof the center of the search unit of all indications equal to orgreater than 100 % of the DAC,9.1.2 Questionable a
47、reas from 8.5 that, upon further inves-tigation, are determined to be caused by discontinuities,9.1.3 The examination frequency, type of instrument, typesof search units employed, couplant, manufacturers identifyingnumbers, purchasers order number, and data and authorizedsignature, and9.1.4 A sketch
48、 showing the physical outline of the casting,including dimensions of all areas not inspected due to geomet-ric configuration, with the location and sizes of all indicationsin accordance with 9.1.1 and 9.1.2.10. Acceptance Standards10.1 This practice is intended for application to castingswith a wide
49、 variety of sizes, shapes, compositions, meltingprocesses, foundry practices, and applications. Therefore, it isimpractical to specify an ultrasonic quality level that would beuniversally applicable to such a diversity of products. Ultra-sonic acceptance or rejection criteria for individual castingsshould be based on a realistic appraisal of service requirementsand the quality that can normally be obtained
