1、Designation:A609/A609M91 (Reapproved 2007) Designation: A609/A609M 12Standard Practice forCastings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic StainlessSteel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A609/A609M; the number immediately following the designation indic
2、ates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of
3、the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice2covers the standards and procedures for the pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heat-treated carbon,low-alloy, and martensitic stainless steel castings by the longitudinal-beam technique. castings.1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inqu
4、iry, contract, order, or specification states that castings are to be subjected toultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A609/A 609M.1.3 This practice contains two procedures for ultrasonic inspection of carbon, low-alloy, and martensitic stainless steel castings;that is, procedures. Pro
5、cedureAand Procedure B. ProcedureAis the originalA609/A609M practice and requires calibration usinga series of test blocks containing flat bottomed holes. It also provides supplementary requirements for angle beam testing.Procedure B requires calibration using a back wall reflection from a series of
6、 solid calibration blocks.NOTE 1Ultrasonic examination and radiography are not directly comparable. This examination technique is intended to complement Guide E94 inthe detection of discontinuities.1.4The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard.
7、 Within the text, the SI unitsare shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be usedindependently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this practice.1.51.4 Supplementary requirements of a
8、n optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementaryrequirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.
9、 The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.1.5.2 This practice is expres
10、sed in both inch-pound units and SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifiesthe applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
11、the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A217/A217M Specification for Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for Press
12、ure-Containing Parts, Suitable forHigh-Temperature ServiceE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems withoutthe Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments2.2 Other Document:1This practice is u
13、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.18on Castings.Current edition approved Nov.May 1, 2007.2012. Published December 2007.June 2012. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in
14、 20022007 asA609/A609M 91 (2002).(2007). DOI: 10.1520/A0609_A0609M-91R07. 10.1520/A0609_A0609M-12.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specification SA-609 of Section II of that Code.3For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Cus
15、tomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to
16、the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summar
17、y of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Non-Destructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification43. Ordering Information3.1 T
18、he inquiry and order should specify which procedure is to be used. If a procedure is not specified, Procedure A shall beused.3.2Procedure AFlat-Bottomed Hole Calibration Procedure:3.2.1When this practice is to be applied to an inquiry, contract, or order, the purchaser shall furnish the following in
19、formation:3.2.1.1Quality levels for the entire casting or portions thereof,3.2.1.2Sections of castings requiring longitudinal-beam examination,3.2.1.3Sections of castings requiring dual element examination,3.2.1.4Sections of castings requiring supplementary examination, using the angle-beam procedur
20、e described in SupplementaryRequirement S1 in order to achieve more complete examination, and3.2.1.5Any requirements additional to the provisions of this practice.3.3Procedure B: Back-Wall Reflection Calibration ProcedureWhen this procedure is to be applied to an inquiry, contract, ororder, the purc
21、haser shall designate the quality levels for the entire casting or applicable portions.3.2 The purchaser shall furnish the following information:3.2.1 Quality levels for the entire casting or portions thereof,3.2.2 Sections of castings requiring longitudinal-beam examination,3.2.3 Sections of castin
22、gs requiring dual element examination,3.2.4 Sections of castings requiring supplementary examination, using the angle-beam procedure described in SupplementaryRequirement S1 in order to achieve more complete examination, and3.2.5 Any requirements additional to the provisions of this practice.PROCEDU
23、RE AFLAT-BOTTOMED HOLE CALIBRATION PROCEDURE4. Apparatus4.1 Electronic Apparatus:4.1.1 An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument that is capable of generating, receiving, and amplifying frequenciesof at least 10.5 to 5 MHz.4.1.2 The ultrasonic instrument shall provide linear presentation
24、(within 65 %) for at least 75 % of the screen height (sweepline to top of screen). Linearity shall be determined in accordance with Practice E317 or equivalent electronic means.4.1.3 The electronic apparatus shall contain a signal attenuator or calibrated gain control that shall be accurate over its
25、 usefulrange to 610 % of the nominal attenuation or gain ratio to allow measurement of signals beyond the linear range of the instrument.4.2 Search Units:4.2.1 Longitudinal Wave, internally grounded, having a to 1!1 in. 13 to 2825 mm diameter or 1-in. 25-mm squarepiezo-electric elements. Based on th
26、e signals-to-noise ratio of the response pattern of the casting, a frequency in the range from10.5 to 5 MHz shall be used. The background noise shall not exceed 25 % of the distance amplitude correction curve (DAC).Transducers shall be utilized at their rated frequencies.4.2.2 Dual-Element, 5-MHz, b
27、y 1-in. 13 by 25-mm, 12 included angle search units are recommended for sections 1 in. 25mm and under.4.2.3 Other frequencies and sizes of search units may be used for evaluating and pinpointing indications.4.3 Reference Blocks:4.3.1 Reference blocks containing flat-bottom holes shall be used to est
28、ablish test sensitivity in accordance with 8.2.4.3.2 Reference blocks shall be made from cast steels that give an acoustic response similar to the castings being examined.4.3.3 The design of reference blocks shall be in accordance with Fig. 1, and the basic set shall consist of those blocks listedin
29、 Table 1. When section thicknesses over 15 in. 380-mm are to be inspected, an additional block of the maximum test thicknessshall be made to supplement the basic set.4.3.4 Machined blocks with332-in. 2.4-mm diameter flat-bottom holes at depths from the entry surface of18 in. 3 mm,12in. 13 mm, or12 t
30、 and34 in. 19 mm, or34 t (where t = thickness of the block) shall be used to establish the DAC for thedual-element search units (see Fig. 2).4.3.5 Each reference block shall be permanently identified along the side of the block indicating the material and the blockidentification.4.4 CouplantA suitab
31、le couplant having good wetting characteristics shall be used between the search unit and examinationsurface. The same couplant shall be used for calibrations and examinations.5. Personnel Requirements5.1The manufacturer shall be responsible for assigning qualified personnel to perform ultrasonic ex
32、amination in conformancewith the requirements of this practice.4Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.A609/A609M 1225.2Personnel performing ultrasonic examinations in accordance with this pra
33、ctice shall be familiar with the following:5.2.1Ultrasonic terminology,5.2.2Instrument calibration,5.2.3Effect of transducer material, size, frequency, and mode on test results,5.2.4Effect of material structure (grain size, cleanliness, etc.) on test results,5.2.5Effect of test distance on test resu
34、lts,5.2.6Effect of nonlinearity on test results,5.2.7Effect of thickness and orientation of discontinuities on test results, and5.2.8Effect of surface roughness on test results.5.3A qualification record (see Note 2) of personnel considered suitable by the manufacturer to perform examinations inaccor
35、dance with this practice shall be available upon request.NOTE2SNT-TC-1A, Ultrasonic Testing Method, provides a recommended procedure for qualifying personnel. Other personnel qualificationrequirement documents may by used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.NOTE 1Opposite ends of
36、 reference block shall be flat and parallelwithin 0.001 in. 0.025 mm.NOTE 2Bottom of flat-bottom hole shall be flat within 0.002-in.0.051 mm and the finished diameter shall be14 + 0.002 in. 6.4 +0.050.NOTE 3Hole shall be straight and perpendicular to entry surfacewithin 0, 30 min and located within1
37、32 in. 0.80 mm of longitudinalaxis.NOTE 4Counter bore shall be12 in. 15.0 mm diameter by18 in. 5mm deep.FIG. 1 Ultrasonic Standard Reference BlockTABLE 1 Dimensions and Identification of Reference Blocks inthe Basic Set (See Fig. 1)Hole Diameterin164 ths, in.mmMetalDistance(B),in.AmmOverallLength(C)
38、,in.mmWidth orDiameter(D), min,in. mmBlockIdentifi-cationNumber16 6.4 1 25 134 45 2 50 16-010016 6.4 2 50 234 70 2 50 16-020016 6.4 3 75 334 95 2 50 16-030016 6.4 6 150 634 170 3 75 16-060016 6.4 10 255 1034 275 4 100 16-100016 6.4 B B +34 B + 20 5 125 16-B00BATolerance 618 in. 3 mm.BAdditional supp
39、lemental blocks for testing thickness greater than 10 in. 250mm, see 4.3.3.A609/A609M 1235.1 Personnel performing ultrasonic examination in accordance with this practice shall be qualified and certified in accordancewith a written procedure conforming to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A or another
40、 national standard acceptable to boththe purchaser and the supplier.6. Casting Conditions6.1 Castings shall receive at least an austenitizing heat treatment before being ultrasonically examined.6.2 Test surfaces of castings shall be free of material that will interfere with the ultrasonic examinatio
41、n. They may be as cast,blasted, ground, or machined.6.3 The ultrasonic examination shall be conducted prior to machining that prevents an effective examination of the casting.7. Test Conditions7.1 To assure complete coverage of the specified casting section, each pass of the search unit shall overla
42、p by at least 10 % ofthe width of the transducer.7.2 The rate of scanning shall not exceed 6 in./s 150 mm/s.7.3 The ultrasonic beam shall be introduced perpendicular to the examination surface.8. Procedure8.1 Adjust the instrument controls to position the first back reflection for the thickness to b
43、e tested at least one half of thedistance across the cathode ray tube. instrument screen.8.2 Using the set of reference blocks spanning the thickness of the casting being inspected, and overlays or electronic markers,note the flat-bottom hole indication height for each of the applicable blocks on th
44、e cathode ray tube shield.instrument screen. Drawa curve through these marks on the screen or on suitable graph paper. The maximum signal amplitude for the test blocks used shallpeak at approximately three-fourths of the screen height above the sweep by use of the attenuator. This curve shall be ref
45、erred toas the 100 % distance amplitude correction (DAC) curve. If the attenuation of ultrasound in the casting thickness being examinedis such that the systems dynamic range is exceeded, segmented DAC curves are permitted.8.3 The casting examination surface will normally be rougher than that of the
46、 test blocks; consequently, employ a transfermechanism to provide approximate compensation. In order to accomplish this, first select a region of the casting that has parallelwalls and a surface condition representative of the rest of the casting as a transfer point. Next, select the test block whos
47、e overalllength, C (Fig. 1), most closely matches the reflection amplitude through the block length. Place the search unit on the casting atNOTE 1Entrant surface shall be 250 in. 6.3 m or finer.NOTE 2 The332-in. 2.4 mm flat-bottom hole must be flat within 0.002 in. 0.05 mm. Diameter must be within +
48、0.005 in. 0.13 mm of the requireddiameter. Hole axis must be perpendicular to the block and within an angle of 0, 30 min.NOTE 3Hole shall be plugged following checking for ultrasonic response.in. mm in. mm18 3 114 3214 6 112 3812 13 134 4434 19.0 2 501 25 10 254FIG. 2 Ultrasonic Standard Reference B
49、lock for Dual-Search Unit CalibrationA609/A609M 124the transfer point and adjust the instrument gain until the back reflection amplitude through the casting matches that through thetest block. Using this transfer technique, the examination sensitivity in the casting may be expected to be within 630 % or lessof that given by the test blocks.8.4 Do not change those instrument controls and the test frequency set
