1、Designation: A609/A609M 12 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Practice forCastings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic StainlessSteel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A609/A609M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of De
3、fense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice2covers the standards and procedures forthe pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heat-treated carbon,low-alloy, and martensitic stainless steel castings.1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry,contract, order, or specification states that castings are to
4、besubjected to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Prac-tice A609/A609M.1.3 This practice contains two procedures. Procedure A isthe original A609/A609M practice and requires calibrationusing a series of test blocks containing flat-bottomed holes. Italso provides supplementary requirements for
5、 angle beamtesting. Procedure B requires calibration using a back wallreflection from a series of solid calibration blocks.NOTE 1Ultrasonic examination and radiography are not directlycomparable. This examination technique is intended to complement GuideE94/E94M in the detection of discontinuities.1
6、.4 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature areprovided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supple-mentary requirements shall apply only when specified indi-vidually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to
7、be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the standard.1.5.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in bracke
8、ts.1.5.2 This practice is expressed in both inch-pound unitsand SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contractspecifies the applicable M-specification designation (SI units),the inch-pound units shall apply.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, as
9、sociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally
10、recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A217/A217M Speci
11、fication for Steel Castings, MartensiticStainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suit-able for High-Temperature ServiceE94/E94M Guide for Radiographic Examination Using In-dustrial Radiographic FilmE317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics ofUltrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing In
12、struments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments2.2 Other Document:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and Certification43. Ordering Information3.1 The inquiry and order should specify which procedure isto be used. If a procedure
13、 is not specified, ProcedureAshall beused.3.2 The purchaser shall furnish the following information:3.2.1 Quality levels for the entire casting or portionsthereof,1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibili
14、ty of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published March 2018. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as A609/A609M 12.DOI: 10.1520/A0609_A0609M-12R18.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi-cation SA
15、-609 of Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available fromAmerican Socie
16、ty for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis
17、international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT
18、) Committee.13.2.2 Sections of castings requiring longitudinal beamexamination,3.2.3 Sections of castings requiring dual elementexamination,3.2.4 Sections of castings requiring supplementaryexamination, using the angle beam procedure described inSupplementary Requirement S1 in order to achieve morec
19、omplete examination, and3.2.5 Any requirements additional to the provisions of thispractice.PROCEDURE A FLAT-BOTTOMED HOLECALIBRATION PROCEDURE4. Apparatus4.1 Electronic Apparatus:4.1.1 An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrumentthat is capable of generating, receiving, and amplifying fre-q
20、uencies of at least 0.5 to 5 MHz.4.1.2 The ultrasonic instrument shall provide linear presen-tation (within 65 %) for at least 75 % of the screen height(sweep line to top of screen). Linearity shall be determined inaccordance with Practice E317 or equivalent electronic means.4.1.3 The electronic app
21、aratus shall contain a signal attenu-ator or calibrated gain control that shall be accurate over itsuseful range to 610 % of the nominal attenuation or gain ratioto allow measurement of signals beyond the linear range of theinstrument.4.2 Search Units:4.2.1 Longitudinal Wave, internally grounded, ha
22、ving a12to 1-in. 13 to 25-mm diameter or 1-in. 25-mm squarepiezo-electric elements. Based on the signals-to-noise ratio ofthe response pattern of the casting, a frequency in the rangefrom 0.5 to 5 MHz shall be used. The background noise shallnot exceed 25 % of the distance amplitude correction curve
23、(DAC). Transducers shall be utilized at their rated frequencies.4.2.2 Dual Element, 5-MHz,12 by 1 in. 13 by 25 mm, 12included angle search units are recommended for sections 1 in.25 mm and under.4.2.3 Other frequencies and sizes of search units may beused for evaluating and pinpointing indications.4
24、.3 Reference Blocks:4.3.1 Reference blocks containing flat-bottom holes shall beused to establish test sensitivity in accordance with 8.2.4.3.2 Reference blocks shall be made from cast steels thatgive an acoustic response similar to the castings being exam-ined.4.3.3 The design of reference blocks s
25、hall be in accordancewith Fig. 1, and the basic set shall consist of those blocks listedin Table 1. When section thicknesses over 15 in. 380 mm areto be inspected, an additional block of the maximum testthickness shall be made to supplement the basic set.4.3.4 Machined blocks with332-in. 2.4-mm diam
26、eter flat-bottom holes at depths from the entry surface of18 in. 3 mm,12 in. 13 mm, or12 t and34 in. 19 mm, or34 t (where t =thickness of the block) shall be used to establish the DAC forthe dual element search units (see Fig. 2).4.3.5 Each reference block shall be permanently identifiedalong the si
27、de of the block indicating the material and the blockidentification.4.4 CouplantA suitable couplant having good wettingcharacteristics shall be used between the search unit andexamination surface. The same couplant shall be used forcalibrations and examinations.5. Personnel Requirements5.1 Personnel
28、 performing ultrasonic examination in accor-dance with this practice shall be qualified and certified inNOTE 1Opposite ends of reference block shall be flat and parallelwithin 0.001 in. 0.025 mm.NOTE 2Bottom of flat-bottom hole shall be flat within 0.002 in.0.051 mm and the finished diameter shall b
29、e14 + 0.002 in. 6.4 + 0.050.NOTE 3Hole shall be straight and perpendicular to entry surfacewithin 0, 30 min and located within132 in. 0.80 mm of longitudinalaxis.NOTE 4Counter bore shall be12 in. 15.0 mm diameter by18 in.5 mm deep.FIG. 1 Ultrasonic Standard Reference BlockTABLE 1 Dimensions and Iden
30、tification of Reference Blocks inthe Basic Set (See Fig. 1)Hole Diameterin164 ths, in.mmMetalDistance(B),in.AmmOverallLength(C),in.mmWidth orDiameter(D), min,in. mmBlockIdentifi-cationNumber16 6.4 1 25 134 45 2 50 16-010016 6.4 2 50 234 70 2 50 16-020016 6.4 3 75 334 95 2 50 16-030016 6.4 6 150 634
31、170 3 75 16-060016 6.4 10 255 1034 275 4 100 16-100016 6.4 B B +34 B + 20 5 125 16-B00BATolerance 18 in. 3 mm.BAdditional supplemental blocks for testing thickness greater than 10 in.250 mm, see 4.3.3.A609/A609M 12 (2018)2accordance with a written procedure conforming to Recom-mended Practice No. SN
32、T-TC-1A or another national standardacceptable to both the purchaser and the supplier.6. Casting Conditions6.1 Castings shall receive at least an austenitizing heattreatment before being ultrasonically examined.6.2 Test surfaces of castings shall be free of material thatwill interfere with the ultra
33、sonic examination. They may be ascast, blasted, ground, or machined.6.3 The ultrasonic examination shall be conducted prior tomachining that prevents an effective examination of the cast-ing.7. Test Conditions7.1 To ensure complete coverage of the specified castingsection, each pass of the search un
34、it shall overlap by at least10 % of the width of the transducer.7.2 The rate of scanning shall not exceed 6 in./s 150 mm/s.7.3 The ultrasonic beam shall be introduced perpendicularto the examination surface.8. Procedure8.1 Adjust the instrument controls to position the first backreflection for the t
35、hickness to be tested at least one-half of thedistance across the instrument screen.8.2 Using the set of reference blocks spanning the thicknessof the casting being inspected and overlays or electronicmarkers, note the flat-bottom hole indication height for each ofthe applicable blocks on the instru
36、ment screen. Draw a curvethrough these marks on the screen or on suitable graph paper.The maximum signal amplitude for the test blocks used shallpeak at approximately three-fourths of the screen height abovethe sweep by use of the attenuator. This curve shall be referredto as the 100 % distance ampl
37、itude correction (DAC) curve. Ifthe attenuation of ultrasound in the casting thickness beingexamined is such that the systems dynamic range is exceeded,segmented DAC curves are permitted.8.3 The casting examination surface will normally berougher than that of the test blocks; consequently, employ at
38、ransfer mechanism to provide approximate compensation. Inorder to accomplish this, first select a region of the casting thathas parallel walls and a surface condition representative of therest of the casting as a transfer point. Next, select the test blockwhose overall length, C (Fig. 1), most close
39、ly matches thereflection amplitude through the block length. Place the searchunit on the casting at the transfer point and adjust theinstrument gain until the back reflection amplitude through thecasting matches that through the test block. Using this transfertechnique, the examination sensitivity i
40、n the casting may beexpected to be within 630 % or less of that given by the testblocks.NOTE 1Entrant surface shall be 250 in. 6.3 m or finer.NOTE 2The332-in. 2.4-mm flat-bottom hole must be flat within 0.002 in. 0.05 mm. Diameter must be within +0.005 in. 0.13 mm of the requireddiameter. Hole axis
41、must be perpendicular to the block and within an angle of 0, 30 min.NOTE 3Hole shall be plugged following checking for ultrasonic response.in. mm in. mm18 3 114 3214 6 112 3812 13 134 4434 19.0 2 501 25 10 254FIG. 2 Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block for Dual-Search Unit CalibrationA609/A609M 12 (2
42、018)38.4 Do not change those instrument controls and the testfrequency set during calibration, except the attenuator orcalibrated gain control, during acceptance examination of agiven thickness of the casting. Make a periodic calibrationduring the inspection by checking the amplitude of responsefrom
43、 the14-in. 6.4-mm diameter flat-bottom hole in the testblock utilized for the transfer.NOTE 2The attenuator or calibrated gain control may be used tochange the signal amplitude during examination to permit small amplitudesignals to be more readily detected. Signal evaluation is made by returningthe
44、attenuator or calibrated gain control to its original setting.8.5 During examination of areas of the casting havingparallel walls, recheck areas showing 75 % or greater loss ofback reflection to determine whether loss of back reflection isdue to poor contact, insufficient couplant, misorienteddiscon
45、tinuity, etc. If the reason for loss of back reflection is notevident, consider the area questionable and investigate further.9. Report9.1 The manufacturers report of final ultrasonic examina-tion shall contain the following data and shall be furnished tothe purchaser:9.1.1 The total number, locatio
46、n, amplitude, and area whenpossible to delineate boundaries by monitoring the movementof the center of the search unit of all indications equal to orgreater than 100 % of the DAC,9.1.2 Questionable areas from 8.5 that, upon furtherinvestigation, are determined to be caused by discontinuities,9.1.3 T
47、he examination frequency, type of instrument, typesof search units employed, couplant, manufacturers identifyingnumbers, purchasers order number, and data and authorizedsignature, and9.1.4 A sketch showing the physical outline of the casting,including dimensions of all areas not inspected due to geo
48、met-ric configuration, with the location and sizes of all indicationsin accordance with 9.1.1 and 9.1.2.10. Acceptance Standards10.1 This practice is intended for application to castingswith a wide variety of sizes, shapes, compositions, meltingprocesses, foundry practices, and applications. Therefo
49、re, it isimpractical to specify an ultrasonic quality level that would beuniversally applicable to such a diversity of products. Ultra-sonic acceptance or rejection criteria for individual castingsshould be based on a realistic appraisal of service requirementsand the quality that can normally be obtained in production ofthe particular type of casting.10.2 Acceptance quality levels shall be established betwe
