1、Designation: A677 12Standard Specification forNonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A677; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements towhich flat-rolled nonoriented fully processed electrical steelshall conform.1.2
3、This steel is produced to specified maximum core-lossvalues and is intended primarily for commercial power fre-quency (50 and 60 Hz) applications in magnetic devices.Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are devel-oped during mill processing, so additional heat treatment bythe user is
4、 usually not necessary.1.3 These nonoriented fully processed electrical steels arelow-carbon, silicon-iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys con-taining up to about 3.5 % silicon and a small amount ofaluminum.1.4 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units are to be regarded as stan
5、dard. The values givenin parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units whichare provided for information only and are not consideredstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testingof Magnetic MaterialsA340 Terminology of Symbols and De
6、finitions Relating toMagnetic TestingA343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag-netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies UsingWattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Ep-stein Test FrameA664 Practice for Identification of Standard Electrical SteelGrades in ASTM SpecificationsA7
7、00 Practices for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Meth-ods for Steel Products for ShipmentA717/A717M Test Method for Surface Insulation Resistivityof Single-Strip SpecimensA719/A719M Test Method for Lamination Factor of Mag-netic MaterialsA720/A720M Test Method for Ductility of NonorientedElectrical
8、SteelA937/A937M Test Method for Determining InterlaminarResistance of Insulating Coatings Using Two AdjacentTest SurfacesA971/A971M Test Method for Measuring Edge Taper andCrown of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel CoilsA976 Classification of Insulating Coatings for ElectricalSteels by Composition, Relat
9、ive Insulating Ability andApplicationE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials(Withdrawn 2010)3E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals RelationshipAmong Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, RockwellHardness, Superficial
10、Hardness, Knoop Hardness, andScleroscope Hardness3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms and symbols used in this speci-fication are defined in Terminology A340.4. Classification4.1 The nonoriented electrical steel types described by thisspecification are as shown in Table 1.5. Ordering Information5.
11、1 Orders for material under this specification shall includeas much of the following information as necessary to describethe desired material adequately:5.1.1 ASTM specification number.5.1.2 Core-loss type number.5.1.3 Surface coating type.5.1.4 Thickness, width, and length (if in cut lengths instea
12、dof coils).1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 onMagnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02 onMaterial Specifications.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published December 2012. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition app
13、roved in 2007 as A67707. DOI:10.1520/A0677-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last appro
14、ved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.1.5 Total weight of ordered item.5.1.6 Limitations in coil size or lift weights.5.1.7 End UseThe user shall disclos
15、e as much pertinentinformation as possible about the intended application toenable the producer to provide material characteristics mostsuitable for specific fabricating practices.5.1.8 Special requirements or exceptions to the provisionsof this specification.6. Manufacture6.1 Typical Melting and Ca
16、sting :6.1.1 These fully processed electrical steels may be made bybasic-oxygen, electric-furnace, or other steelmaking practice.6.1.2 These electrical steels are characterized by lowcarbon, usually less than 0.020 %. The principal alloyingelement is commonly silicon, but aluminum up to about 0.8 %i
17、s sometimes used instead of or in addition to silicon, depend-ing on mill-processing practice for the desired magnetic grade.Individual producers will often have different silicon or alumi-num contents for a particular grade because of intrinsicmill-processing procedures.6.1.3 Sulfur content is typi
18、cally less than 0.025 % and isusually lowest in the numbered types representing lowest coreloss. Manganese is typically present in amounts between 0.10and 0.40 %. Phosphorus, copper, nickel, chromium,molybdenum, antimony, and tin are usually present only inresidual amounts except in the higher numbe
19、red core-loss typesin which phosphorus up to 0.15 % and tin or antimony up to0.10 % may be present.6.1.4 The producer is not required to report chemicalcomposition of each lot except when a clear need for suchinformation has been shown. In such cases, the analyses to bereported shall be negotiated b
20、etween the producer and the user.6.2 Typical Rolling and Annealing The processing se-quence for fully processed, nonoriented electrical steel com-prises hot-rolling, annealing, pickling, cold-rolling, and decar-burizing annealing.6.3 When changes in the manufacture of the material arebelieved to exe
21、rt possible significant effects upon the usersfabricating practices and upon the magnetic performance to beobtained in the specified end use, the producer shall notify theuser before shipment is made so the user has an opportunity toevaluate the effects.7. Magnetic Properties7.1 Specific Core LossEa
22、ch core-loss type of electricalsteel is identified by a maximum core-loss limit as shown inTable 1.7.2 PermeabilityThe permeability at all inductions shallbe as high as possible, consistent with the required core-losslimits that govern the grade. Typical relative peak permeability(p) values are give
23、n in Appendix X1.7.3 Specific Exciting PowerThe rms exciting power re-quired for the excitation of a particular type of electrical steelis frequently useful to the user. Typical values of specificexciting power are given in Appendix X1.7.4 Magnetic AgingAlthough steel sold to this specifica-tion is
24、considered non-aging, the maximum core-loss values ofTable 1 are based on tests of freshly sheared specimens. Theguarantee of magnetic properties after an aging treatment issubject to negotiation between the user and the producer. Thedefinition of aging coefficient and the aging treatments usuallysp
25、ecified are given in Terminology A340.8. Surface Insulation Characteristics8.1 Unless otherwise specified, fully processed nonorientedelectrical steels are supplied with a smooth surface finish anda thin, tightly adherent surface oxide (Coating Type C-0 inClassification A976) which has sufficient in
26、sulating ability formost small cores.8.2 Applied Coatings:8.2.1 Several types of thin, tightly adherent applied coatings(Coating Types C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-6 in Classification A976)with higher levels of insulating ability are available on fullyprocessed nonoriented electrical steels. If an applied c
27、oating isneeded, the user shall specify the coating type.8.2.2 If the insulating ability of the applied coating isunusually critical to the application, the user shall specify notonly the coating type, but also the test method (either TestTABLE 1 Core-Loss TypesAand Maximum Core LossesBat a Magnetic
28、 Flux Density of 15 kG (1.5 T) and 60 HzCfor As-Sheared Epstein SpecimensD0.0140-in. (0.36-mm) Thickness 0.0185-in. (0.47-mm) Thickness 0.0250-in. (0.64-mm) ThicknessCore-Loss TypeMaximum Core Loss,W/lb (W/kg)Core-Loss TypeMaximum Core Loss,W/lb (W/kg)Core-Loss TypeMaximum Core Loss,W/lb (W/kg)36F14
29、5 1.45 (3.20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36F155 1.55 (3.42) 47F165 1.65 (3.64) 64F200 2.00 (4.41)36F165 1.65 (3.64) 47F180 1.80 (3.97) 64F210 2.10 (4.63)36F175 1.75 (3.86) 47F190 1.90 (4.19) 64F225 2.25 (4.96)36F185 1.85 (4.08) 47F200 2.00 (4.41) 64F235 2.35 (5.18)36F195 1.95 (4.30) 47F210 2
30、.10 (4.63) 64F250 2.50 (5.51)36F205 2.05 (4.52) 47F240 2.40 (5.29) 64F275 2.75 (6.06). . . . . . . . . 47F280 2.80 (6.17) 64F320 3.20 (7.05). . . . . . . . . 47F400 4.00 (8.82) 64F500 5.00 (11.02). . . . . . . . . 47F450 4.50 (9.92) 64F550 5.50 (12.13)ASee Practice A664.BThe test density shall be th
31、e correct ASTM assumed density (in accordance with 14.2) for the chemistry used by the producer to meet the property requirements of thespecification.CMaximum core losses at a magnetic flux density of 15 kG (1.5 T) and 50 Hz are 0.79 times maximum core losses at 60 Hz.DOne half of strips cut paralle
32、l to the steel rolling direction, one half of strips cut perpendicular to the steel rolling direction.A677 122Method A717/A717M or Test Method A937/A937M) and testconditions to be used to evaluate the insulating ability of thecoating, as well as the corresponding minimum value ofinsulating ability.8
33、.2.3 Athinner-than-usual applied coating may be preferredwhen the core-fabricating practice involves welding or diecasting. In such cases, the coating type shall be suffixed by theletter “A.”9. Mechanical Requirements9.1 Lamination FactorThe lamination factor shall be ashigh as practicable. It is gr
34、eatest for thicker gages and when thesurface is smooth, uncoated, and without significant amountsof oxide. Lamination factors can be determined using TestMethod A719/A719M. Typical values of lamination factor aregiven in Appendix X1.9.2 DuctilityThe material shall be as ductile as possible.When requ
35、ired, the ductility can be determined by the bend testfor ductility as described in Test Method A720/A720M.Ductility is a function of microstructure and may differbetween producers. The users anneal may also affect ductility.Typical values for ductility are given in Appendix X1.9.3 HardnessThe hardn
36、ess of these materials can bedetermined using Test Methods E18 or Test Method E92.Hardness is affected by chemistry and by the grain size andmicrostructure of the final product. Typical values for thehardness of “as-produced” materials are given in Appendix X1.10. Dimensions and Permissible Variatio
37、ns10.1 ThicknessSpecified thickness should be one of thecommon thicknesses as follows:Thickness, in. (mm)0.0140 (0.36)0.0185 (0.47)0.0250 (0.64)10.2 Thickness VariationsThe average thickness of thematerial supplied shall be as close as possible to the orderedthickness. Measurements made with a conta
38、cting micrometerat points no closer than38 in. (10 mm) from the edge of a sheetor coil of specified width shall not differ from the specifiedthickness by more than the values (which include taper) shownin Table 2.10.3 TaperThe rolling of flat-rolled sheets inherentlyproduces an edge which is thinner
39、 than the rest of the sheet.This characteristic is termed “tapered edge,” “feather,” orgamma and occurs primarily within 1 to 2 in. (25 to 51 mm)from the as-rolled edge of the material. The thickness variationinvolved in edge taper sometimes is the major portion of thetotal overall thickness variati
40、on permitted by 10.2. Edge taperis defined and may be measured in accordance with TestMethod A971/A971M. It may be expected that the followinglimits on the differences in thickness measured along a straightline perpendicular to the mill edge within the first 2 in. (50mm) or less from either edge of
41、the ordered width will apply:Ordered Thickness, in. (mm) Maximum Taper, in. (mm)0.0140 (0.36) 0.0010 (0.025)0.0185 (0.47) 0.0012 (0.030)0.0250 (0.64) 0.0014 (0.036)10.4 Width TolerancesMaximum deviations from the or-dered width shall be as shown in Table 3.10.5 Length TolerancesThe maximum deviation
42、s fromthe ordered length shall be as shown in Table 4.10.6 CamberCamber is the greatest deviation of a sideedge from a straight line, the measurement being taken on theconcave side with a straightedge. It is limited to14 in. (6.4 mm)per 96 in. (2.4 m) of length.10.7 Out of SquareThis tolerance appli
43、es to cut lengthsonly and represents the deviation of an edge from a straight lineplaced at a right angle to the side, touching one corner andextending to the other side. It shall not exceed116 in. (1.6 mm)per 6 in. (152 mm) of width or fraction thereof.11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance11.1 Fl
44、atnessAdequately defining the degree of flatnessnecessary for the general application of fully processed elec-trical steel sheets is extremely difficult; therefore, no specificlimits for flatness have been established.11.1.1 It is intended that flatness shall be suitable for theintended application,
45、 and consequently, the user should informthe producer of any requirements for a degree of flatness morecritical than that obtained from usual commercial practices.Processes used to improve flatness may affect magnetic andmechanical properties.11.1.2 Commercial practices recognize that sharp, shortwa
46、ves and buckles are objectionable.11.1.3 Procedures for judging the degree of critical flatnessnecessary shall be subject to negotiation between user andproducer.11.2 Surface ImperfectionsThe surface shall be reason-ably clean and essentially free of manufacturing defects such asholes, blisters, sli
47、vers, indentations, and so forth, which wouldinterfere with its effective use in the intended application.12. Sampling12.1 The producer shall assign a number to each test lot foridentification. The test lot shall not exceed 20 000 lb (9100 kg)in weight.12.2 Test samples shall be obtained after final
48、 mill heattreatment or other operation which is the final operation to haveTABLE 2 Thickness TolerancesSpecified Thickness, in. (mm)Thickness Tolerances, Over or Under, in. (mm) for Specified Width, in. (mm)6 (0.15) and UnderOver 6 (0.15) to12 (0.30), incl.Over 12 (0.30) to36 (0.91), incl.Over 36 (0
49、.91) to48 (1.22). incl.0.014 (0.36) to 0.020 (0.51), incl 0.0015 (0.038) 0.002 (0.051) 0.002 (0.051) 0.003 (0.076)0.021 (0.53) to 0.031 (0.79), incl 0.002 (0.051) 0.002 (0.051) 0.003 (0.076) 0.003 (0.076)A677 123significant influence on the magnetic properties of fully pro-cessed electrical steel.12.3 The full width coil identified as a test lot shall besampled in accordance with Practice A34/A34M.13. Specimen Preparation13.1 The Epstein test specimen shall be in the as-shearedcondition with one-half of the test strips sheared parallel to andone-half transv
