1、Designation: A781/A781M 12a A781/A781M 12bStandard Specification forCastings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, forGeneral Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that are mandatory requirements
3、of the following steel castingspecifications issued by ASTM. If the product specification specifies different requirements, the product specification shall prevail.ASTMDesignation Title of SpecificationA27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic Mang
4、aneseA148/A148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-posesA297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for GeneralApplicationA447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA494/A494M Castings, Nickel a
5、nd Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,Corrosion Resistant, for General ApplicationA744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, CorrosionResistant, for SevereA747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-ingA890/A8
6、90M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-MolybdenumCorrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)for General ApplicationA915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with TensileRequirements, Chemical Require
7、ments Similiarto Standard Wrought GradesA1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desir
8、ed and apply only when specifiedindividually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 The requirements of the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as s
9、tandard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification for Steel Cas
10、tings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic ManganeseA148/A148M Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural PurposesA297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for GeneralAp
11、plicationA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA447/A447M Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Servic
12、e*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and PersonnelA494/A494M Specification for
13、Castings, Nickel and Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination ThereofA743/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resis
14、tant, for General ApplicationA744/A744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation HardeningA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA800/A8
15、00M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA802/A802M Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Visual ExaminationA890/A890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for Gen
16、eral ApplicationA915/A915M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, and Alloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and FerroalloysA958 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile Requiremen
17、ts, Chemical Requirements Similar toStandard Wrought GradesA967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel PartsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel ProductsA1002 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Alumin
18、um Ordered AlloyA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsMetricE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous CastingsE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Hea
19、vy-Walled (2 to 412-in. (50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless, Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromiu
20、m-Nickel-IronAlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, andCobalt AlloysE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:
21、3.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370, Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751, TerminologyA941, and Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products Metric A1058 are applicable to this specification and thoselisted in 1.1.3.1.2 test coupon, nthe part from which the t
22、est specimen will be extracted.3.1.3 test specimen, nthe part that will be acted upon in a test.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Melting ProcessThe steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric furnace process with or without separate refining, suchas argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unless other
23、wise specified in the individual specification.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of a furnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA991/A991M.4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above 2000F 1100C, then the working zone shall
24、have been establishedby a survey performed at not more than 25F 15C below nor more than 200F 110C above the minimum heat treatmenttemperature specified for the grade. If a minimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for the grade, then the surveytemperature shall be not more than 50F 30C bel
25、ow nor more than 175F 100C above the furnace set point used.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.18on Castings.Current edition approved March 1, 2012Nov. 1, 2012. Publish
26、ed April 2012November 2012. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2012 asA781/A781M 12.A781/A781M 12a. DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-12A.10.1520/A0781_A0781M-12B.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceast
27、m.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.A781/A781M 12b24.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature as determined by the difference between the highest temperature and thelowest temperature shall be as agreed
28、 between the purchaser and producer except that during production heat treatment, no portionof the furnace shall be below the minimum specified temperature nor above the maximum specified temperature for the grade beingprocessed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materi
29、als covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices, and Terminology A751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elementsspecified in the individual specification for the grade being poured. The
30、 analysis shall be made from a test sample preferably takenduring the pouring of the heat. When drillings are used, they shall be taken not less than 14 in. 6.4 mm beneath the surface. Thechemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements in the individual specification for the g
31、rade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made by the purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, or casting.The analysis shall be made on representative material. Samples for carbon analysis of carbon and alloy steel shall be taken nocloser than 14 in. 6 mm to a cast
32、surface, except that castings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representative material. Thechemical composition thus determined shall meet the requirements specified in the applicable specification for the grade involved,or shall be subject to rejection by the purchaser, except that the chemic
33、al composition determined for carbon and low alloy steeland stainless steel castings may vary from the specified limits by the amounts shown in Table 1Tables 1 and 2. respectively. Theproduct analysis tolerances of Table 1Tables 1 and 2 are not applicable as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by
34、the castingmanufacturer. When comparing product and heat analysis for other than carbon and low alloy steels and stainless steels, thereproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E353 or E354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.5.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen chemical analysis for elements no
35、t specified for the grade ordered is desired, SupplementaryRequirement S13 may be specified.TABLE 1 Product Analysis TolerancesTolerancesCarbon andLow Alloy SteelsElement Range, %A TolerancesB ,C OverMaximum or UnderMinimum Limit, %C up to 0.65above 0.650.03 % CL + 0.020.04Mn up to 1above 10.08 % Mn
36、L + 0.010.09Si up to 0.60above 0.600.22 % SiL 0.010.15P all 0.13 % PL + 0.005S all 0.36 % SL + 0.001Ni up to 2 0.10 % NiL + 0.03above 2 0.25Cr up to 2above 20.07 % CrL + 0.040.18Mo up to 0.6above 0.60.04 % MoL + 0.030.06V up to 0.25above 0.250.23 % VL + 0.0040.06W up to 0.10above 0.100.08 % WL + 0.0
37、20.02Cu up to 0.15above 0.150.18 % CuL + 0.020.05Al up to 0.10above 0.100.08 % AlL + 0.020.03A The range denotes the composition limits up to which tolerances are computedby the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a constant.B The subscriptL for the elements in each equation indica
38、tes that the limits of theelement specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into theequation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit (ifapplicable), respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented infootnote C.C To illustrate the computation
39、 of the tolerance, consider the manganese maximumof 0.70 for a 0.30 carbon grade 65-35 in Specification A27/A27M. The maximumpermissible deviation is (0.08 0.70 + 0.01) = 0.066. Therefore, the highestacceptable product analysis is 0.766. Similarly, for a 0.20 carbon grade 70-40 inSpecification A27/A
40、27M, the maximum manganese content is 1.40; thus, thehighest acceptable product analysis is (1.40 + 0.09) = 1.49.A781/A781M 12b35.5 Grade SubstitutionGrade substitution is not permitted. Grade substitution occurs when the material being suppliedcontains one or more elements that are not specified fo
41、r the supplied material such that the material conforms to the requirementsof a different grade.6. Mechanical Test Requirements6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to whether mechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determinespecific test requirements, the individual produ
42、ct specification should be reviewed.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, when mechanical properties are required by the product specification, testcoupons may be cast integrally with the castings, or as separate blocks, in accordance with Fig. 1, Fig. 2, or Fig. 3, except whenSupplementa
43、ry Requirement S15 is specified. The test coupon in Fig. 3 shall be employed only for austenitic alloy castings withcross sections less than 212 in. 65 mm.36.3 Choice of testing track from the options listed in Test Methods A1058 when material is ordered to an M suffix (SI units)product standard, sh
44、ould be identified by the purchaser in the ordering information. If the choice of test track is not specified inthe order, then the default ASTM track shall be used as noted in Test Methods A1058.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner and shall c
45、onform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by thepurchaser before manufacture is started. If the pattern is supplied by the purchaser, the dimensions of the casting shall be aspredicated by the pattern.3 Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on test coupons obtained
46、 as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may be found inThe Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders Society of America, pp. 15-35 through 15-43, 1980.TABLE 2 Product Analysis TolerancesStainless SteelsElements Limit or Maximum ofSpecified Range, %Tolerance Over theMaxi
47、mum Limit orUnder the MinimumLimitElements Limit or Maximum ofSpecified Range, %Tolerance Over theMaximum Limit orUnder the MinimumLimitCarbon to 0.010, incl 0.002 Titanium to 1.00, incl 0.05over 0.010 to 0.030, incl 0.005 over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.07over 0.030 to 0.20, incl 0.01over 0.20 to 0.60, i
48、ncl 0.02 Cobalt over 0.05 to 0.50, incl 0.01Aover 0.60 to 1.20, incl 0.03 over 0.50 to 2.00, incl 0.02over 2.00 to 5.00, incl 0.05Manganese to 1.00, incl 0.03over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.04 Columbium plus to 1.50, incl 0.05over 3.00 to 6.00, incl 0.05 tantalumover 6.00 to 10.00, incl 0.06over 10.00 to
49、15.00, incl 0.10over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.15 Tantalum to 0.10, incl 0.02Phosphorus to 0.040, incl 0.005 Copper to 0.50, incl 0.03over 0.040 to 0.20, incl 0.010 over 0.50 to 1.00, incl 0.05over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.10Sulfur to 0.040, incl 0.005 over 3.00 to 5.00, incl 0.15over 0.040 to 0.20, incl 0.010 over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.20over 0.20 to 0.50, incl 0.020Silicon to 1.00, inclover 1.00 to 3.00, inclover 3.00 to 6.00, incl0.050.100.15Aluminum to 0.15, inclover 0.15 to 0.50, inclover 0.50 to 2.00, in
