1、Designation: A781/A781M 12bA781/A781M 13Standard Specification forCastings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, forGeneral Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that are mandatory requirements of
3、 the following steel castingspecifications issued byASTM. If the product specification specifies different requirements, the product specification shall prevail.ASTMDesignation Title of SpecificationA27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic Mangane
4、seA148/A148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-posesA297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for GeneralApplicationA447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA494/A494M Castings, Nickel and
5、Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,Corrosion Resistant, for General ApplicationA744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, CorrosionResistant, for SevereA747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-ingA890/A890M
6、 Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-MolybdenumCorrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)for General ApplicationA915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with TensileRequirements, Chemical Requiremen
7、ts Similiarto Standard Wrought GradesA1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired
8、and apply only when specifiedindividually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 The requirements of the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as stan
9、dard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castin
10、gs, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.18on Castings.Current edition appro
11、ved Nov. 1, 2012May 1, 2013. Published November 2012June 2013. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2012 asA781/A781M 12a.A781/A781M 12b. DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-12B.10.1520/A0781_A0781M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactAST
12、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made
13、 to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Su
14、mmary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A148/A148M Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural PurposesA297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings
15、, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA447/A447M Specification for Steel Castings
16、, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and PersonnelA494/A494M Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA609/A609M Prac
17、tice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination ThereofA743/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA744/A744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant
18、, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation HardeningA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA800/A800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA802/A802M Practice for S
19、teel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Visual ExaminationA890/A890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General ApplicationA915/A915M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, andAlloy, Chemical Requirements Similar
20、to Standard Wrought GradesA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and FerroalloysA958 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Similar toStandard Wrought GradesA967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatme
21、nts for Stainless Steel PartsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel ProductsA1002 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered AlloyA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsMetricA1080 Practice for Hot Isosta
22、tic Pressing of Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloy CastingsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous CastingsE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to
23、 412-in. (50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless, Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-IronAl
24、loysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, andCobalt AlloysE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The defin
25、itions in Test Methods and Definitions A370, Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751, TerminologyA941, and Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products Metric A1058 are applicable to this specification and thoselisted in 1.1.3.1.2 test coupon, nthe part from which the test specimen wi
26、ll be extracted.3.1.3 test specimen, nthe part that will be acted upon in a test.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Melting ProcessThe steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric furnace process with or without separate refining, suchas argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unless otherwise specified
27、in the individual specification.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of a furnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA991/A991M.4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above 2000F 1100C, then the working zone shall have been estab
28、lishedby a survey performed at not more than 25F 15C below nor more than 200F 110C above the minimum heat treatmenttemperature specified for the grade. If a minimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for the grade, then the surveytemperature shall be not more than 50F 30C below nor more tha
29、n 175F 100C above the furnace set point used.A781/A781M 1324.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature as determined by the difference between the highest temperature and thelowest temperature shall be as agreed between the purchaser and producer except that during production heat treatment,
30、 no portionof the furnace shall be below the minimum specified temperature nor above the maximum specified temperature for the grade beingprocessed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materials covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practi
31、ces, and Terminology A751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elementsspecified in the individual specification for the grade being poured. The analysis shall be made from a test sample preferably takenduring the pouring of
32、the heat. When drillings are used, they shall be taken not less than 14 in. 6.4 mm beneath the surface. Thechemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements in the individual specification for the grade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made by the purch
33、aser from material representing each heat, lot, or casting.The analysis shall be made on representative material. Samples for carbon analysis shall be taken no closer than 14 in. 6 mm toa cast surface, except that castings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representative material. The chemical
34、composition thusdetermined shall meet the requirements specified in the applicable specification for the grade involved, or shall be subject torejection by the purchaser, except that the chemical composition determined for carbon and low alloy steel and stainless steelcastings may vary from the spec
35、ified limits by the amounts shown in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The product analysis tolerancesof Tables 1 and 2 are not applicable as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by the casting manufacturer. When comparing productand heat analysis for other than carbon and low alloy steels and stainless
36、 steels, the reproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E353or E354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.5.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen chemical analysis for elements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, SupplementaryRequirement S13 may be specified.TABLE 1 Product Analysis Toler
37、ancesCarbon and Low AlloySteelsElement Range, %A TolerancesB ,C OverMaximum or UnderMinimum Limit, %C up to 0.65above 0.650.03 % CL + 0.020.04Mn up to 1above 10.08 % MnL + 0.010.09Si up to 0.60above 0.600.22 % SiL 0.010.15P all 0.13 % PL + 0.005S all 0.36 % SL + 0.001Ni up to 2 0.10 % NiL + 0.03abov
38、e 2 0.25Cr up to 2above 20.07 % CrL + 0.040.18Mo up to 0.6above 0.60.04 % MoL + 0.030.06V up to 0.25above 0.250.23 % VL + 0.0040.06W up to 0.10above 0.100.08 % WL + 0.020.02Cu up to 0.15above 0.150.18 % CuL + 0.020.05Al up to 0.10above 0.100.08 % AlL + 0.020.03A The range denotes the composition lim
39、its up to which tolerances are computedby the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a constant.B The subscriptL for the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of theelement specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into theequation to calculate the tol
40、erance for the upper limit and the lower limit (ifapplicable), respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented infootnote C.C To illustrate the computation of the tolerance, consider the manganese maximumof 0.70 for a 0.30 carbon grade 65-35 in Specification A27/A27M. The maximumpermiss
41、ible deviation is (0.08 0.70 + 0.01) = 0.066. Therefore, the highestacceptable product analysis is 0.766. Similarly, for a 0.20 carbon grade 70-40 inSpecification A27/A27M, the maximum manganese content is 1.40; thus, thehighest acceptable product analysis is (1.40 + 0.09) = 1.49.A781/A781M 1335.5 G
42、rade SubstitutionGrade substitution is not permitted. Grade substitution occurs when the material being suppliedcontains one or more elements that are not specified for the supplied material such that the material conforms to the requirementsof a different grade.6. Mechanical Test Requirements6.1 Th
43、e individual product specifications vary as to whether mechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determinespecific test requirements, the individual product specification should be reviewed.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, when mechanical properties are required by the p
44、roduct specification, testcoupons may be cast integrally with the castings, or as separate blocks, in accordance with Fig. 1, Fig. 2, or Fig. 3, except whenSupplementary Requirement S15 is specified. The test coupon in Fig. 3 shall be employed only for austenitic alloy castings withcross sections le
45、ss than 212 in. 65 mm.36.3 Choice of testing track from the options listed in Test Methods A1058 when material is ordered to an M suffix (SI units)product standard, should be identified by the purchaser in the ordering information. If the choice of test track is not specified inthe order, then the d
46、efault ASTM track shall be used as noted in Test Methods A1058.3 Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on test coupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may be found inThe Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders Society of A
47、merica, pp. 15-35 through 15-43, 1980. Information on the relationship of mechanical propertiesdetermined on test coupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may be found in The Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel FoundersSociety of America, pp.15-35 through 15
48、-43,1980.TABLE 2 Product Analysis TolerancesStainless SteelsElements Limit or Maximum ofSpecified Range, %Tolerance Over theMaximum Limit orUnder the MinimumLimitElements Limit or Maximum ofSpecified Range, %Tolerance Over theMaximum Limit orUnder the MinimumLimitCarbon to 0.010, incl 0.002 Titanium
49、 to 1.00, incl 0.05over 0.010 to 0.030, incl 0.005 over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.07over 0.030 to 0.20, incl 0.01over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.02 Cobalt over 0.05 to 0.50, incl 0.01Aover 0.60 to 1.20, incl 0.03 over 0.50 to 2.00, incl 0.02over 2.00 to 5.00, incl 0.05Manganese to 1.00, incl 0.03over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.04 Columbium plus to 1.50, incl 0.05over 3.00 to 6.00, incl 0.05 tantalumover 6.00 to 10.00, incl 0.06over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.10over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.15 Tantalum to 0.10, incl 0.02Phosp
