1、Designation: A781/A781M 14Standard Specification forCastings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, forGeneral Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements thatare mandatory requirements of the following
3、steel castingspecifications issued by ASTM. If the product specificationspecifies different requirements, the product specification shallprevail.ASTMDesignation Title of SpecificationA27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic ManganeseA148/A148M Ste
4、el Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-posesA297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for GeneralApplicationA447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA494/A494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel AlloyA560
5、/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,Corrosion Resistant, for General ApplicationA744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, CorrosionResistant, for SevereA747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-ingA890/A890M Castings, Iron-
6、Chromium-Nickel-MolybdenumCorrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)for General ApplicationA915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with TensileRequirements, Chemical Requirements Similiarto St
7、andard Wrought GradesA1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementaryrequirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additionaltesting or inspection is desired and apply only whe
8、n specifiedindividually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 The requirements of the individual materialspecification, and this general specification shall prevail in thesequence named.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stat
9、ed ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, forGeneral
10、ApplicationA128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, AusteniticManganeseA148/A148M Specification for Steel Castings, HighStrength, for Structural PurposesA297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant,for General ApplicationA370 Test Methods an
11、d Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation ofStainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA447/A447M Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-TemperatureServiceA488/A488M Practice for Steel C
12、astings, Welding, Qualifi-cations of Procedures and PersonnelA494/A494M Specification for Castings, Nickel and NickelAlloyA560/A560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-NickelAlloyA609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic ExaminationThereofA743/
13、A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium,Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for GeneralApplication1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current
14、edition approved March 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as A781/A781M 13a.DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
15、 Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A744/A744M Spe
16、cification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless,Precipitation HardeningA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsA800/A800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic
17、Alloy,Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA802/A802M Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Accep-tance Standards, Visual ExaminationA890/A890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex(Austenitic/Ferritic) for General ApplicationA915/A915M Specification for
18、 Steel Castings, Carbon, andAlloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to StandardWrought GradesA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, RelatedAlloys, and FerroalloysA958 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy,with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Simi-lar to Standard W
19、rought GradesA967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments forStainless Steel PartsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting TemperatureUniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat SteelProductsA1002 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Or-dered AlloyA1058 Test Methods for Mechanica
20、l Testing of SteelProductsMetricA1067 Specification for Test Coupons for Steel CastingsA1080 Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, StainlessSteel, and Related Alloy CastingsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-tions on Ferrous Castings
21、E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in.(50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE353 T
22、est Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to
23、 2 in.(50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370,Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751, TerminologyA941, and Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of SteelProducts Metric A1058 are appli
24、cable to this specificationand those listed in 1.1.3.1.2 test coupon, nthe part from which the test specimenwill be extracted.3.1.3 test specimen, nthe part that will be acted upon in atest.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Melting ProcessThe steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric furnace proc
25、ess with or without separaterefining, such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unlessotherwise specified in the individual specification.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of afurnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA991/A991M.4.2.2 Wh
26、en castings are heat treated at temperatures above2000F 1100C, then the working zone shall have beenestablished by a survey performed at not more than 25F15C below nor more than 200F 110C above the mini-mum heat treatment temperature specified for the grade. If aminimum heat treatment temperature is
27、 not specified for thegrade, then the survey temperature shall be not more than 50F30C below nor more than 175F 100C above the furnaceset point used.4.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature asdetermined by the difference between the highest temperatureand the lowest temperature shall be a
28、s agreed between thepurchaser and producer except that during production heattreatment, no portion of the furnace shall be below theminimum specified temperature nor above the maximumspecified temperature for the grade being processed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of
29、materialscovered by this specification shall be in accordance with TestMethods, Practices, and Terminology A751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be madeby the manufacturer to determine the percentages of theelements specified in the individual specification for the gradebeing poured.
30、The analysis shall be made from a test samplepreferably taken during the pouring of the heat. When drillingsare used, they shall be taken not less than14 in. 6.4 mmbeneath the surface. The chemical composition thus deter-mined shall conform to the requirements in the individualspecification for the
31、grade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made bythe purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, orcasting. The analysis shall be made on representative material.Samples for carbon analysis shall be taken no closer than14 in.6 mm to a cast surface, except that casting
32、s too thin for thisshall be analyzed on representative material. The chemicalcomposition thus determined shall meet the requirementsspecified in the applicable specification for the grade involved,or shall be subject to rejection by the purchaser, except that thechemical composition determined for c
33、arbon and low alloysteel and stainless steel castings may vary from the specifiedA781/A781M 142limits by the amounts shown in Tables 1 and 2 respectively.The product analysis tolerances of Tables 1 and 2 are notapplicable as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by thecasting manufacturer. When comp
34、aring product and heatanalysis for other than carbon and low alloy steels and stainlesssteels, the reproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E353 orE354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.5.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen chemical analysis for el-ements not specified for the grade ordered i
35、s desired, Supple-mentary Requirement S13 may be specified.5.5 Grade SubstitutionGrade substitution is not permitted.Grade substitution occurs when the material being suppliedcontains one or more elements that are not specified for thesupplied material such that the material conforms to therequireme
36、nts of a different grade.6. Mechanical Test Requirements6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to whethermechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determinespecific test requirements, the individual product specificationshould be reviewed.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the
37、 purchaser, whenmechanical properties are required by the productspecification, test coupons may be cast integrally with thecastings, or as separate blocks, in accordance with A1067, Fig.1, Fig. 2 or Fig. 4, except when Supplementary RequirementS15 is specified. The test coupon in A1067, Fig. 4, sha
38、ll beemployed only for austenitic alloy castings with cross sectionsless than 212 in. 65 mm.36.3 Choice of testing track from the options listed in TestMethods A1058 when material is ordered to an M suffix (SIunits) product standard, should be identified by the purchaserin the ordering information.
39、If the choice of test track is notspecified in the order, then the default ASTM track shall beused as noted in Test Methods A1058.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner andshall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by thepurchaser befo
40、re manufacture is started. If the pattern issupplied by the purchaser, the dimensions of the casting shallbe as predicated by the pattern.8. Quality8.1 The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering sand,scale, cracks, and hot tears as determined by visual examina-tion. Other surface discontin
41、uities shall meet the visual accep-tance standards specified in the order. Practice A802/A802M orother visual standards may be used to define acceptable surfacediscontinuities and finish. Unacceptable visual surface discon-tinuities shall be removed and their removal verified by visualexamination of
42、 the resultant cavities.8.2 When additional inspection is desired, SupplementaryRequirements S1, S2, S3, S4, or S5 may be specified.8.3 Rejectable indications shall not be peened, plugged, orimpregnated.9. Repair9.1 Repair by welding shall be in accordance with therequirements of the individual spec
43、ification using proceduresand welders qualified in accordance with Practice A488/A488M.10. Inspection10.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchasers inspectorall reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy that the material isbeing produced and furnished in accordance with the appli-cable specifica
44、tion. Foundry inspection by the purchaser shallnot interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturers operations.All tests and inspections, with the exception of productanalysis (5.3), shall be made at the place of manufacture unlessotherwise agreed.11. Rejection11.1 Subsequent to acceptance at the manu
45、facturers works,material that is found to be unacceptable as determined byrequirements specified in the order may be rejected by the3Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on testcoupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may befound in The
46、 Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders Society ofAmerica, pp.15-35 through 15-43,1980.TABLE 1 Product Analysis TolerancesCarbon and Low AlloySteelsElement Range, %ATolerancesB,COverMaximum or UnderMinimum Limit, %C upto0.65above 0.650.03 % CL+ 0.020.04Mn up to 1above 10.08 % MnL+ 0.0
47、10.09Si up to 0.60above 0.600.22 % SiL 0.010.15P all 0.13 % PL+ 0.005S all 0.36 % SL+ 0.001Ni up to 2 0.10 % NiL+ 0.03above 2 0.25Cr up to 2above 20.07 % CrL+ 0.040.18Mo up to 0.6above 0.60.04 % MoL+ 0.030.06V upto0.25above 0.250.23 % VL+ 0.0040.06W upto0.10above 0.100.08 % WL+ 0.020.02Cu up to 0.15
48、above 0.150.18 % CuL+ 0.020.05Al up to 0.10above 0.100.08 % AlL+ 0.020.03AThe range denotes the composition limits up to which tolerances are computedby the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a constant.BThe subscriptLfor the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of
49、theelement specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into theequation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit (ifapplicable), respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented infootnote C.CTo illustrate the computation of the tolerance, consider the manganese maximumof 0.70 for a 0.30 carbon grade 65-35 in Specification A27/A27M. The maximumpermissible deviation is (0.08 0.70 + 0.01) = 0.066. Therefore, the highestacceptable product analysis is 0.766.
