1、Designation: A781/A781M 14aStandard Specification forCastings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, forGeneral Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements thatare mandatory requirements of the following
3、 steel castingspecifications issued by ASTM. If the product specificationspecifies different requirements, the product specification shallprevail.ASTMDesignation Title of SpecificationA27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic ManganeseA148/A148M St
4、eel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-posesA297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for GeneralApplicationA447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA494/A494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel AlloyA56
5、0/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,Corrosion Resistant, for General ApplicationA744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, CorrosionResistant, for SevereA747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-ingA890/A890M Castings, Iron
6、-Chromium-Nickel-MolybdenumCorrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)for General ApplicationA915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with TensileRequirements, Chemical Requirements Similiarto S
7、tandard Wrought GradesA1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementaryrequirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additionaltesting or inspection is desired and apply only wh
8、en specifiedindividually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 The requirements of the individual materialspecification, and this general specification shall prevail in thesequence named.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values sta
9、ted ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, forGeneral
10、 ApplicationA128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, AusteniticManganeseA148/A148M Specification for Steel Castings, HighStrength, for Structural PurposesA297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant,for General ApplicationA370 Test Methods a
11、nd Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation ofStainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA447/A447M Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-TemperatureServiceA488/A488M Practice for Steel
12、Castings, Welding, Qualifi-cations of Procedures and PersonnelA494/A494M Specification for Castings, Nickel and NickelAlloyA560/A560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-NickelAlloyA609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic ExaminationThereofA743
13、/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium,Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for GeneralApplication1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current
14、 edition approved May 1, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A781/A781M 14.DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-14A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual B
15、ook of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A744/A744M Speci
16、fication for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless,Precipitation HardeningA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsA800/A800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Al
17、loy,Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA802/A802M Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Accep-tance Standards, Visual ExaminationA890/A890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex(Austenitic/Ferritic) for General ApplicationA915/A915M Specification for S
18、teel Castings, Carbon, andAlloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to StandardWrought GradesA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, RelatedAlloys, and FerroalloysA958 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy,with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Simi-lar to Standard Wro
19、ught GradesA967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments forStainless Steel PartsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting TemperatureUniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat SteelProductsA1002 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Or-dered AlloyA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical
20、Testing of SteelProductsMetricA1067 Specification for Test Coupons for Steel CastingsA1080 Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, StainlessSteel, and Related Alloy CastingsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE94 Guide for Radiograp
21、hic ExaminationE125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-tions on Ferrous CastingsE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in.(50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 t
22、o 12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and
23、 Other Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.(50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370,Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751,
24、TerminologyA941, and Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of SteelProducts Metric A1058 are applicable to this specificationand those listed in 1.1.3.1.2 test coupon, nthe part from which the test specimenwill be extracted.3.1.3 test specimen, nthe part that will be acted upon in atest.4. Materials a
25、nd Manufacture4.1 Melting ProcessThe steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric furnace process with or without separaterefining, such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unlessotherwise specified in the individual specification.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the w
26、orking zone of afurnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA991/A991M.4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above2000F 1100C, then the working zone shall have beenestablished by a survey performed at not more than 25F15C below nor more than 200F 110C above the mini-m
27、um heat treatment temperature specified for the grade. If aminimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for thegrade, then the survey temperature shall be not more than 50F30C below nor more than 175F 100C above the furnaceset point used.4.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature asd
28、etermined by the difference between the highest temperatureand the lowest temperature shall be as agreed between thepurchaser and producer except that during production heattreatment, no portion of the furnace shall be below theminimum specified temperature nor above the maximumspecified temperature
29、 for the grade being processed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materialscovered by this specification shall be in accordance with TestMethods, Practices, and Terminology A751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be madeby the manufacturer to determine the
30、percentages of theelements specified in the individual specification for the gradebeing poured. The analysis shall be made from a test samplepreferably taken during the pouring of the heat. When drillingsare used, they shall be taken not less than14 in. 6.4 mmbeneath the surface. The chemical compos
31、ition thus deter-mined shall conform to the requirements in the individualspecification for the grade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made bythe purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, orcasting. The analysis shall be made on representative material.Samples fo
32、r carbon analysis shall be taken no closer than14 in.6 mm to a cast surface, except that castings too thin for thisshall be analyzed on representative material. The chemicalA781/A781M 14a2composition thus determined shall meet the requirementsspecified in the applicable specification for the grade i
33、nvolved,or shall be subject to rejection by the purchaser, except that thechemical composition determined for carbon and low alloysteel and stainless steel castings may vary from the specifiedlimits by the amounts shown in Tables 1 and 2 respectively.The product analysis tolerances of Tables 1 and 2
34、 are notapplicable as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by thecasting manufacturer. When comparing product and heatanalysis for other than carbon and low alloy steels and stainlesssteels, the reproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E353 orE354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.5
35、.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen chemical analysis for el-ements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, Supple-mentary Requirement S13 may be specified.5.5 Grade SubstitutionGrade substitution is not permitted.Grade substitution occurs when the material being suppliedcontains one or more element
36、s that are not specified for thesupplied material such that the material conforms to therequirements of a different grade.6. Mechanical Test Requirements6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to whethermechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determinespecific test requireme
37、nts, the individual product specificationshould be reviewed.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, whenmechanical properties are required by the productspecification, test coupons may be cast integrally with thecastings, or as separate blocks, in accordance with A1067, Fig.1, Fig. 2 or Fig
38、. 4, except when Supplementary RequirementS15 is specified. The test coupon in A1067, Fig. 4, shall beemployed only for austenitic alloy castings with cross sectionsless than 212 in. 65 mm.36.3 Choice of testing track from the options listed in TestMethods A1058 when material is ordered to an M suff
39、ix (SIunits) product standard, should be identified by the purchaserin the ordering information. If the choice of test track is notspecified in the order, then the default ASTM track shall beused as noted in Test Methods A1058.6.4 The coupon from which the test specimen is taken shallbe heat treated
40、 in production furnaces to the same procedure asthe castings it represents.6.5 The specimens may be cast to shape or machined fromcoupons to dimensions in accordance with Test Methods andDefinitions A370.6.6 If any specimen shows defective machining or developsflaws, it may be discarded and another
41、substituted from thesame master heat.6.7 To determine conformance with the tension testrequirements, an observed value or calculated value shall berounded off in accordance with Practice E29 to the nearest 0.5ksi 5 MPa for yield and tensile strength and to the nearest 1% for elongation and reduction
42、 of area. In the special case ofrounding the number “5” when no additional numbers otherthan “0” follow the “5,” rounding shall be done in the directionof the specification limits if following Practice E29 wouldcause rejection of material.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 All castings shall
43、be made in a workmanlike manner andshall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by thepurchaser before manufacture is started. If the pattern issupplied by the purchaser, the dimensions of the casting shallbe as predicated by the pattern.8. Quality8.1 The surface of the casting shall be fre
44、e of adhering sand,scale, cracks, and hot tears as determined by visual examina-tion. Other surface discontinuities shall meet the visual accep-tance standards specified in the order. Practice A802/A802M orother visual standards may be used to define acceptable surfacediscontinuities and finish. Una
45、cceptable visual surface discon-tinuities shall be removed and their removal verified by visualexamination of the resultant cavities.8.2 When additional inspection is desired, SupplementaryRequirements S1, S2, S3, S4, or S5 may be specified.3Information on the relationship of mechanical properties d
46、etermined on testcoupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may befound in The Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders Society ofAmerica, pp.15-35 through 15-43,1980.TABLE 1 Product Analysis TolerancesCarbon and Low AlloySteelsElement Range, %ATolerancesB
47、,COverMaximum or UnderMinimum Limit, %C upto0.65above 0.650.03 % CL+ 0.020.04Mn up to 1above 10.08 % MnL+ 0.010.09Si up to 0.60above 0.600.22 % SiL 0.010.15P all 0.13 % PL+ 0.005S all 0.36 % SL+ 0.001Ni up to 2 0.10 % NiL+ 0.03above 2 0.25Cr up to 2above 20.07 % CrL+ 0.040.18Mo up to 0.6above 0.60.0
48、4 % MoL+ 0.030.06V upto0.25above 0.250.23 % VL+ 0.0040.06W upto0.10above 0.100.08 % WL+ 0.020.02Cu up to 0.15above 0.150.18 % CuL+ 0.020.05Al up to 0.10above 0.100.08 % AlL+ 0.020.03AThe range denotes the composition limits up to which tolerances are computedby the equation, and above which the tole
49、rances are given by a constant.BThe subscriptLfor the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of theelement specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into theequation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit (ifapplicable), respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented infootnote C.CTo illustrate the computation of the tolerance, consider the manganese maximumof 0.70 for a 0.30 carbon grade 65-35 in Specification A27/A27M. The maximumpermis
