1、Designation: A781/A781M 14bA781/A781M 16Standard Specification forCastings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, forGeneral Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that are mandatory requirements of
3、 the following steel castingspecifications issued byASTM. If the product specification specifies different requirements, the product specification shall prevail.ASTMDesignation Title of SpecificationA27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic Mangane
4、seA148/A148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-posesA297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for GeneralApplicationA447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA494/A494M Castings, Nickel and
5、Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,Corrosion Resistant, for General ApplicationA744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, CorrosionResistant, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-ingA8
6、90/A890M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-MolybdenumCorrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)for General ApplicationA915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with TensileRequirements, Chemical Re
7、quirements Similiarto Standard Wrought GradesA1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is
8、desired and apply only when specifiedindividually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 The requirements of the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately
9、 as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification for Stee
10、l Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.18on Castings.Current editi
11、on approved Oct. 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2016. Published October 2014December 2016. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asA781/A781M 14a.A781/A781M 14b. DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-14B.10.1520/A0781_A0781M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, o
12、r contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes ha
13、ve been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official do
14、cument.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A148/A148M Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural PurposesA297/A297M Specification for St
15、eel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA447/A447M Specification for St
16、eel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and PersonnelA494/A494M Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA60
17、9/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination ThereofA743/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA744/A744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosi
18、on Resistant, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation HardeningA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA800/A800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA802/A802M Pr
19、actice for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Visual ExaminationA890/A890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General ApplicationA915/A915M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, andAlloy, Chemical Requireme
20、nts Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and FerroalloysA958 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Similar toStandard Wrought GradesA967 Specification for Chemical Passiva
21、tion Treatments for Stainless Steel PartsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel ProductsA1002 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered AlloyA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsMetricA1067 Specificati
22、on for Test Coupons for Steel CastingsA1080 Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloy CastingsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE125 Reference Photographs for
23、 Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous CastingsE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412 in. (50.8 to 114 mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm) Steel CastingsE340
24、Practice for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless, Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-IronAlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, andCobalt AlloysE4
25、46 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingA781/A781M 1623. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370, Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751, TerminologyA941, and Test Metho
26、ds for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products Metric A1058 are applicable to this specification and thoselisted in 1.1.3.1.2 test coupon, nthe part from which the test specimen will be extracted.3.1.3 test specimen, nthe part that will be acted upon in a test.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Melting Pr
27、ocessThe steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric furnace process with or without separate refining, suchas argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unless otherwise specified in the individual specification.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of a furnace th
28、at has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA991/A991M.4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above 2000F 1100C,2000 F 1100 C, then the working zone shallhave been established by a survey performed at not more than 25F 15C25 F 15 C below nor more than 200F110C200 F 110 C above t
29、he minimum heat treatment temperature specified for the grade. If a minimum heat treatmenttemperature is not specified for the grade, then the survey temperature shall be not more than 50F 30C50 F 30 C below normore than 175F 100C175 F 100 C above the furnace set point used.4.2.3 The maximum variati
30、on in measured temperature as determined by the difference between the highest temperature and thelowest temperature shall be as agreed between the purchaser and producer, except that during production heat treatment,treatmentno portion of the furnace shall be below the minimum specified temperature
31、 nor above the maximum specified temperature for thegrade being processed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materials covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices, and Terminology A751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall
32、be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elementsspecified in the individual specification for the grade being poured. The analysis shall be made from a test sample preferably takenduring the pouring of the heat. When drillings are used, they shall be taken not less than 14 in
33、. 6.4 mm beneath the surface. Thechemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements in the individual specification for the grade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made by the purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, or casting.The analysis sh
34、all be made on representative material. Samples for carbon analysis shall be taken no closer than 14 in. 6 mm toa cast surface, except that castings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representative material. The chemical composition thusdetermined shall meet the requirements specified in the ap
35、plicable specification for the grade involved, or shall be subject torejection by the purchaser, except that the chemical composition determined for carbon and low alloy steel and stainless steelcastings may vary from the specified limits by the amounts shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The pro
36、duct analysis tolerancesof Tables 1 and 2 are not applicable as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by the casting manufacturer. When comparing productand heat analysis for other than carbon and low alloy steels and stainless steels, the reproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E353or E354, as app
37、licable, shall be taken into consideration.5.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen chemical analysis for elements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, SupplementaryRequirement S13 may be specified.5.5 Grade SubstitutionGrade substitution is not permitted. Grade substitution occurs when the material
38、being suppliedcontains one or more elements that are not specified for the supplied material such that the material conforms to the requirementsof a different grade.6. Mechanical Test Requirements6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to whether mechanical tests are required; for this rea
39、son, and to determinespecific test requirements, the individual product specification should be reviewed.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, when mechanical properties are required by the product specification, testcoupons may be cast integrally with the castings, or as separate blocks,
40、 in accordance with Specification A1067, Fig. 1, Fig. 2 orA781/A781M 163Fig. 4, except when Supplementary Requirement S15 is specified. The test coupon in Specification A1067, Fig. 4, shall beemployed only for austenitic alloy castings with cross sections less than 212 in. 65 mm.36.3 Choice of testi
41、ng track from the options listed in Test Methods A1058 when material is ordered to an M suffix (SI units)product standard,standard should be identified by the purchaser in the ordering information. If the choice of test track is notspecified in the order, then the default ASTM track shall be used as
42、 noted in Test Methods A1058.6.4 The coupon from which the test specimen is taken shall be heat treated in production furnaces to the same procedure as thecastings it represents.6.5 The specimens may be cast to shape or machined from coupons to dimensions in accordance with Test Methods andDefinitio
43、ns A370.6.6 If any specimen shows defective machining or develops flaws, it may be discarded and another substituted from the samemaster heat.6.7 To determine conformance with the tension test requirements, an observed value or calculated value shall be rounded offin accordance with Practice E29 to
44、the nearest 0.5 ksi 5 MPa for yield and tensile strength and to the nearest 1 % 1 % forelongation and reduction of area. In the special case of rounding the number “5” when no additional numbers other than “0” followthe “5,” rounding shall be done in the direction of the specification limits if foll
45、owing Practice E29 would cause rejection ofmaterial.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner and shall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by thepurchaser before manufacture is started. If the pattern is supplied by the purchaser, the d
46、imensions of the casting shall be aspredicated by the pattern.3 Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on test coupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may be found inThe Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders Society of Am
47、erica, pp.15-35 through 15-43,1980.TABLE 1 Product Analysis TolerancesCarbon and Low AlloySteelsElement Range, %A TolerancesB ,C OverMaximum or UnderMinimum Limit, %C up to 0.65above 0.650.03 % CL + 0.020.04Mn up to 1above 10.08 % MnL + 0.010.09Si up to 0.60above 0.600.22 % SiL 0.010.15P all 0.13 %
48、PL + 0.005S all 0.36 % SL + 0.001Ni up to 2 0.10 % NiL + 0.03above 2 0.25Cr up to 2above 20.07 % CrL + 0.040.18Mo up to 0.6above 0.60.04 % MoL + 0.030.06V up to 0.25above 0.250.23 % VL + 0.0040.06W up to 0.10above 0.100.08 % WL + 0.020.02Cu up to 0.15above 0.150.18 % CuL + 0.020.05Al up to 0.10above
49、 0.100.08 % AlL + 0.020.03A The range denotes the composition limits up to which tolerances are computedby the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a constant.B The subscriptsubscriptL for the elements in each equation indicates that thelimits of the element specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted intothe equation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit (ifapplicable), respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are p
