1、Designation: A876 091Standard Specification forFlat-Rolled, Grain-Oriented, Silicon-Iron, Electrical Steel,Fully Processed Types1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A876; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTECorrected conversion in Table 2 editorially in March 2012.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the detailed
3、requirements towhich the specified grades of flat-rolled, grain-oriented, fullyprocessed electrical steels shall conform. These steels are usedprimarily in transformer cores operating at moderate to highmagnetic flux densities at commercial power frequencies (50and 60 Hz).1.2 These grain-oriented el
4、ectrical steels are low-carbon,silicon-iron alloys with a silicon content of approximately3.2 % in which low core loss and high permeability in thedirection of rolling have been achieved by appropriate metal-lurgical processing.1.3 The electrical-steel grades described in this specificationinclude (
5、1) conventional grain-oriented electrical steel tested at15 kG (1.5 T) in accordance with Test Method A343/A343M,(2) conventional grain-oriented electrical steel tested at 17 kG(1.7 T) in accordance with Test Method A343/A343M,(3)high-permeability grain-oriented electrical steel tested at 17 kG(1.7
6、T) in accordance with Test Method A343/A343M, and (4)laser-scribed high-permeability grain-oriented electrical steeltested at 17 kG (1.7 T) in accordance with Test MethodsA804/A804M.1.4 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units are to be regarded as standard. The values givenin p
7、arentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, whichare provided for information only and are not consideredstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testingof Magnetic MaterialsA340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating toMagn
8、etic TestingA343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag-netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies UsingWattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm EpsteinTest FrameA345 Specification for Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels forMagnetic ApplicationsA664 Practice for Identification of Standa
9、rd Electrical SteelGrades in ASTM SpecificationsA700 Practices for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Meth-ods for Steel Products for ShipmentA717/A717M Test Method for Surface Insulation Resistiv-ity of Single-Strip SpecimensA719/A719M Test Method for Lamination Factor of Mag-netic MaterialsA721/A721M
10、 Test Method for Ductility of Oriented Elec-trical SteelA804/A804M Test Methods for Alternating-Current Mag-netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies UsingSheet-Type Test SpecimensA937/A937M Test Method for Determining InterlaminarResistance of Insulating Coatings Using Two AdjacentTest Sur
11、facesA976 Classification of Insulating Coatings for ElectricalSteels by Composition, Relative Insulating Ability andApplication3. Terminology3.1 The terms and symbols used in this specification aredefined in Terminology A340.4. Classification4.1 The ASTM core-loss type designations, formulated inacc
12、ordance with Practice A664, for grain-oriented electricalsteels covered by this specification are listed in Table 1.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 onMagnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02 onMaterial Specifications.This specifi
13、cation replaces A665, A725, and A843.Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as A87603. DOI:10.1520/A0876-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
14、serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Condition5.1 These grain-oriented electrical ste
15、els may be purchasedin any of the following conditions (which are combinations ofmaterial form and surface type or treatment) as desired for theexpected end use.5.1.1 Condition NFAn annealed coil form having aninorganic surface coating, Type C-2 (Note 1). This material isnot flattened and so exhibit
16、s appreciable coil curvature. Theprincipal application is in spirally wound or formed cores inwhich the strip curvature is not detrimental to fabricatingprocedures or device performance.5.1.2 Condition F2Thermally flattened sheet or coiledstrip having an inorganic surface coating, Type C-2, plus ath
17、inner (compared to Condition F5) inorganic coating, TypeC-5, applied over the inherent C-2 coating. The principalapplication is in spirally wound or formed cores in which stripcurvature would be detrimental to fabricating procedures.5.1.3 Condition F5Thermally flattened sheet or coiledstrip having a
18、n inorganic surface coating, Type C-2, plus aninorganic coating, Type C-5, applied over the inherent C-2coating to provide extra surface insulation resistance. Theprincipal application is in flat sheared laminations for cores ofpower transformers.5.1.4 Condition PQThermally flattened sheet or coiled
19、strip (sometimes called “punching quality”) with the inherentC-2 coating removed and an inorganic coating, Type C-5,applied for insulative purposes. The principal application is inflat stamped laminations for small stacked cores with onlymoderate surface insulation requirements.NOTE 1Additional desc
20、ription of surface coating Types C-2 and C-5is presented in Specification A345 and Classification A976.5.2 Core-loss types having code letters Pand Q are availableonly in Condition F5.6. Ordering Information6.1 Orders for material under this specification shall includesuch of the following informati
21、on as is required to describe thematerial adequately:6.1.1 ASTM specification number,6.1.2 ASTM core-loss type designation (Table 1),TABLE 1 Core-Loss Type DesignationsConventional Grain-Oriented Electrical SteelTested at 15 kG (1.5 T) in Accordance with Test Method A343/A343MASTMCore-LossTypeAAimTh
22、ickness,Bin. (mm)Maximum Specific CoreLoss,CW/lb (W/kg)60 Hz 50 Hz18G041 0.0070 (0.18) 0.41 (0.90) 0.31 (0.68)23G045 0.0090 (0.23) 0.45 (0.99) 0.34 (0.75)27G051 0.0106 (0.27) 0.51 (1.12) 0.39 (0.85)30G058 0.0118 (0.30) 0.58 (1.28) 0.44 (0.97)35G066 0.0138 (0.35) 0.66 (1.46) 0.50 (1.11)Conventional G
23、rain-Oriented Electrical SteelTested at 17 kG (1.7 T) in Accordance with Test Method A343/A343MASTMCore-LossTypeAAimThickness,Bin. (mm)Maximum Specific CoreLoss,CW/lb (W/kg)60 Hz 50 Hz23H070 0.0090 (0.23) 0.70 (1.54) 0.53 (1.17)27H074 0.0106 (0.27) 0.74 (1.63) 0.56 (1.24)30H083 0.0118 (0.30) 0.83 (1
24、.83) 0.63 (1.39)35H094 0.0138 (0.35) 0.94 (2.07) 0.71 (1.57)High-Permeability Grain-Oriented Electrical SteelTested at 17 kG (1.7 T) in Accordance with Test Method A343/A343MASTMCore-LossTypeAAimThickness,Bin. (mm)Maximum Specific CoreLoss,CW/lb (W/kg)60 Hz 50 Hz23P060 0.0090 (0.23) 0.60 (1.32) 0.46
25、 (1.01)27P066 0.0106 (0.27) 0.66 (1.46) 0.50 (1.11)Laser-Scribed High-Permeability Grain-Oriented Electrical SteelTested at 17 kG (1.7 T) in Accordance with Test Methods A804/A804MASTMCore-LossTypeAAimThickness,Bin. (mm)Maximum Specific CoreLoss,DW/lb (W/kg)60 Hz 50 Hz23Q054 0.0090 (0.23) 0.54 (1.19
26、) 0.41 (0.90)27Q057 0.0106 (0.27) 0.57 (1.26) 0.43 (0.96)ASee Practice A664.BThese shall be the overall thicknesses as measured by contacting micrometre caliper.CBased on parallel-grain Epstein specimens, stress-relief annealed after shearing in accordance with 14.1.2.DBased on as-sheared parallel-g
27、rain sheet-type specimens. Stress-relief annealing will nullify the core-loss reduction produced by the laser scribing.A876 09126.1.3 Material condition (form and surface type) designa-tion (5.1),6.1.4 Ductility class (when required),6.1.5 Sheet or strip width,6.1.6 Length (only when cut lengths are
28、 specified),6.1.7 Total weight of each ordered item,6.1.8 Limitations on lift weight,6.1.9 Limitations on coil size,6.1.10 End Use(Whenever practicable, the user shouldspecify whether the ordered material will be made into flatsheared laminations, flat stamped laminations, wound cores,bonded wound c
29、ores, formed lamination cores, welded lami-nation cores, and so forth. This will help the producer toprovide the most suitable material for the users fabricatingpractices), and6.1.11 Exception to the specification or special require-ments.7. Materials and Manufacture7.1 Normally, these steels contai
30、n approximately 3.2 %silicon and the balance iron with residual elements at aminimum. When requested, the producer shall provide astatement of chemical composition typical of the materialbeing supplied.7.2 These electrical steels may be made by the basic-oxygenor electric-furnace process.7.3 When ch
31、anges in the manufacture of successive ship-ments of the material are believed to increase the likelihood ofadverse effects upon the magnetic performance or fabricationfor the specified end use, the producer shall notify the user assoon as possible before shipment is made so that he can beafforded a
32、n opportunity to evaluate the effects.8. Magnetic Properties8.1 Core Loss:8.1.1 Maximum permissible specific core losses at 15 or 17kG (1.5 or 1.7 T), 50 and 60 Hz, are guaranteed and are listedin Table 1 for the ASTM core-loss types. The sampling,specimen preparation, and testing practices that are
33、 describedherein must be followed when conformity to these guaranteesis being checked.8.1.2 Material that conforms to both the core-loss andthickness limits of this specification shall be identified by thisspecification number and the appropriate core-loss designation.8.2 Permeability:8.2.1 The perm
34、eability at all magnetic flux densities shall beas high as practicable. The quality control of these grades isnormally based on a measurement of relative peak permeabil-ity, p, at a peak ac magnetic field strength, Hp, of 10 Oe (796A/m). For the conventional grain-oriented grades, the value ofrelati
35、ve pat 10 Oe (796 A/m) is commonly above 1800. Forthe high-permeability grades, it is commonly above 1880.8.3 Magnetic Aging:Although the magnetic properties of these electrical steelsare considered to be stable, the maximum core-loss values ofTable 1 are based on tests of non-aged specimens. Thegua
36、rantee of magnetic properties after an aging treatment issubject to negotiation between the user and the producer.9. Surface Insulation Characteristics9.1 The surfaces types produced in each of the materialconditions of 5.1 normally have different levels of insulatingability. Interlaminar resistance
37、 of two adjacent test surfaces isdetermined with Test MethodA937/A937M. Surface insulationresistivity of a single test surface is determined with TestMethod A717/A717M. Typical ranges for surface insulationeffectiveness of the various surface types are given in Appen-dix X1.9.2 When insulative chara
38、cteristics substantially differentthan those listed in Appendix X1 are necessary, the specificrequirements and the procedures for evaluating them shall benegotiated between the user and the producer.10. Physical and Mechanical Properties10.1 Lamination FactorThe lamination factor shall be ashigh as
39、practicable consistent with the material thickness andcondition. Lamination factor may be determined using TestMethodA719/A719M. Typical lamination factor values for thevarious material thickness and condition combinations areshown in Appendix X1.10.2 DuctilityThe ductility shall be as high as pract
40、icable.When the application requires forming around a sharp radiusduring fabrication, and an evaluation of the ductility is re-quired, the ductility rating shall be determined in accordancewith Test Method A721/A721M. Ductility ratings in thefollowing classes are appropriate for grain-oriented steel
41、s inany thickness and condition when tested at room temperaturewith a bend transverse to the rolling direction with “as-sheared” specimens:Ductility Class Permissible Number of Fractures at BendA1 none2 1 or 2, total length not over 0.5 in. (12.7 mm)3 3 to 8ABased on 24- to 36-in. (610- to 910-mm) w
42、idth of material. For widths less than24 in. (610 mm), the number of permissible fractures should be reduced inproportion to the ratio of the width to 24 in. (610 mm).11. Dimensions and Permissible Variations11.1 ThicknessThe aim thicknesses of the ASTM core-loss types are listed in Table 1.11.1.1 T
43、hickness VariationsThe thickness measured atany location not less than 0.4 in. (10 mm) from an edge shallnot deviate more than 60.001 in. (60.025 mm) from theaverage thickness of the test lot or coil. The outer limits ofacceptable thickness of the ASTM core-loss type shall be asshown in Table 2.TABL
44、E 2 Thickness TolerancesASTM Core-Loss Type Thickness Limits, in. (mm)18G041 0.0060-0.0080 (0.1520.203)23G045, 23H070, 23P060,23Q0540.0075-0.0100 (0.190-0.254)27G051, 27H074, 27P066,27Q0570.0095-0.0120 (0.241-0.305)30G058, 30H083, 30P070 0.0105-0.0130 (0.267-0.330)35G066, 35H094 0.0125-0.0150 (0.318
45、-0.381)Editorial change.A876 091311.2 Width TolerancesThe width of material supplied,either as coils or cut lengths, shall be as close as possible to theordered width, but in no case shall the maximum deviationsfrom the specified width exceed the values given in Table 3.11.3 Length TolerancesThe len
46、gth dimension of cutlengths shall be as close as practicable to the ordered length.The maximum deviations from ordered length shall be asshown in Table 4.11.4 Camber (Full-Width Coils)The deviation of a sideedge from a straight line over a 96-in. (2440-mm) length orfraction thereof shall not exceed
47、0.125 in. (3.2 mm).11.5 Out of Square (Cut Lengths)The deviation of an endedge from a straight line placed at a right angle to the side,touching one corner and extending to the other side, shall notexceed 0.0625 in./6 in. (1.6 mm/152 mm) of width or fractionthereof.12. Workmanship, Finish and Appear
48、ance12.1 Flatness:12.1.1 Sharp, short waves and buckles are extremely detri-mental to the effective use of grain-oriented electrical steels inflat laminations and shall be avoided in the delivered product.12.1.2 The user shall inform the producer of any require-ments for a degree of flatness more cr
49、itical than that providedby the usual commercial practices. Procedures for judging orevaluating the degree of flatness in such cases shall be subjectto negotiation between the user and the producer.12.2 Surface DefectsThe surface of the material shall bereasonably clean and essentially free from manufacturingdefects such as holes, mill marks, slivers, and so forth, whichwould interfere with its effective use in the intended applica-tion. The surface shall be free of loose dust and be compatiblewith immersion in the usual liquid transformer coolants.Applied
