1、Designation: A876 12A876 17Standard Specification forFlat-Rolled, Grain-Oriented, Silicon-Iron, Electrical Steel,Fully Processed Types1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A876; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements to which the specified grades of flat-rolled
3、, grain-oriented, fullyprocessed electrical steels shall conform. These steels are used primarily in transformer cores operating at moderate to highmagnetic flux densities at commercial power frequencies (50 and 60 Hz).1.2 These grain-oriented electrical steels are low-carbon, silicon-iron alloys wi
4、th a silicon content of approximately 3.2 % inwhich low core loss and high permeability in the direction of rolling have been achieved by appropriate metallurgical processing.1.3 The electrical-steel grades described in this specification include (1) conventional grain-oriented electrical steel test
5、ed at 15kG (1.5 T)1.5 T (15 kG) in accordance with Test Method A343/A343M, (2) conventional grain-oriented electrical steel tested at17 kG (1.7 T)1.7 T (17 kG) in accordance with Test Method A343/A343M, (3) high-permeability grain-oriented electrical steeltested at 17 kG (1.7 T)1.7 T (17 kG) in acco
6、rdance with Test Method A343/A343M, and (4) laser-scribed high-permeabilitygrain-oriented electrical steel tested at 17 kG (1.7 T)1.7 T (17 kG) in accordance with Test Methods A804/A804M.1.4 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values g
7、iven inparentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibi
8、lityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Deci
9、sion on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic MaterialsA340
10、Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic TestingA343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmeter Method and 25-cm Epstein Test FrameA345 Specification for Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels for Magnet
11、ic ApplicationsA664 Practice for Identification of Standard Electrical Steel Grades in ASTM SpecificationsA700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for ShipmentA717/A717M Test Method for Surface Insulation Resistivity of Single-Strip SpecimensA719/A719M Test Method fo
12、r Lamination Factor of Magnetic MaterialsA721/A721M Test Method for Ductility of Oriented Electrical SteelA804/A804M Test Methods for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Sheet-TypeTest Specimens1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committ
13、ee A06 on Magnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02 on MaterialSpecifications.This specification replaces A665, A725, and A843.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012April 1, 2017. Published December 2012May 2017. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition app
14、roved in 20092012 asA876A876 12.091. DOI: 10.1520/A0876-12.10.1520/A0876-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the
15、ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users cons
16、ult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A937/A937M Test Method for Determin
17、ing Interlaminar Resistance of Insulating Coatings Using Two Adjacent Test SurfacesA976 Classification of Insulating Coatings for Electrical Steels by Composition, Relative Insulating Ability and Application3. Terminology3.1 The terms and symbols used in this specification are defined in Terminology
18、 A340.4. Classification4.1 The ASTM core-loss type designations, formulated in accordance with Practice A664, for grain-oriented electrical steelscovered by this specification are listed in Table 1.TABLE 1 Core-Loss Type DesignationsConventional Grain-Oriented Electrical SteelTested at 15 kG (1.5 T)
19、1.5 T (15 kG) in Accordance with Test Method A343/A343MASTMCore-LossTypeAAimThickness,Bin. (mm)mm (in.)Maximum Specific CoreLoss,C W/lb (W/kg)W/kg (W/lb)60 Hz 50 Hz18G041 0.0070 (0.18) 0.41 (0.90) 0.31 (0.68)18G041 0.18 (0.0070) 0.90 (0.41) 0.68 (0.31)23G045 0.0090 (0.23) 0.45 (0.99) 0.34 (0.75)23G0
20、45 0.23 (0.0090) 0.99 (0.45) 0.75 (0.34)27G051 0.0106 (0.27) 0.51 (1.12) 0.39 (0.85)27G051 0.27 (0.0106) 1.12 (0.51) 0.85 (0.39)30G058 0.0118 (0.30) 0.58 (1.28) 0.44 (0.97)30G058 0.30 (0.0118) 1.28 (0.58) 0.97 (0.44)35G066 0.0138 (0.35) 0.66 (1.46) 0.50 (1.11)35G066 0.35 (0.0138) 1.46 (0.66) 1.11 (0
21、.50)Conventional Grain-Oriented Electrical SteelTested at 17 kG (1.7 T) in Accordance with Test Method A343/A343MTested at 1.7 T (17 kG) in Accordance with Test Method A343/A343MASTMCore-LossTypeAAimThickness,Bin. (mm)Maximum Specific CoreLoss,C W/lb (W/kg)ASTMCore-LossTypeAAimThickness,Bmm (in.)Max
22、imum Specific CoreLoss,C W/kg (W/lb)60 Hz 50 Hz23H070 0.0090 (0.23) 0.70 (1.54) 0.53 (1.17)23H070 0.23 (0.0090) 1.54 (0.70) 1.17 (0.53)27H074 0.0106 (0.27) 0.74 (1.63) 0.56 (1.24)27H074 0.27 (0.0106) 1.63 (0.74) 1.24 (0.56)30H083 0.0118 (0.30) 0.83 (1.83) 0.63 (1.39)30H083 0.30 (0.0118) 1.83 (0.83)
23、1.39 (0.63)35H094 0.0138 (0.35) 0.94 (2.07) 0.71 (1.57)35H094 0.35 (0.0138) 2.07 (0.94) 1.57 (0.71)High-Permeability Grain-Oriented Electrical SteelTested at 17 kG (1.7 T) in Accordance with Test Method A343/A343MTested at 1.7 T (17 kG) in Accordance with Test Method A343/A343MASTMCore-LossTypeAAimT
24、hickness,Bin. (mm)Maximum Specific CoreLoss,C W/lb (W/kg)ASTMCore-LossTypeAAimThickness,Bmm (in.)Maximum Specific CoreLoss,C W/kg (W/lb)60 Hz 50 Hz23P060 0.0090 (0.23) 0.60 (1.32) 0.46 (1.01)23P060 0.23 (0.0090) 1.32 (0.60) 1.01 (0.46)27P066 0.0106 (0.27) 0.66 (1.46) 0.50 (1.11)27P066 0.27 (0.0106)
25、1.46 (0.66) 1.11 (0.50)Laser-Scribed High-Permeability Grain-Oriented Electrical SteelTested at 17 kG (1.7 T) in Accordance with Test Methods A804/A804MTested at 1.7 T (17 kG) in Accordance with Test Methods A804/A804MASTMCore-LossTypeAAimThickness,Bin. (mm)Maximum Specific CoreLoss,D W/lb (W/kg)AST
26、MCore-LossTypeAAimThickness,Bmm (in.)Maximum Specific CoreLoss,D W/kg (W/lb)60 Hz 50 Hz23Q054 0.0090 (0.23) 0.54 (1.19) 0.41 (0.90)23Q054 0.23 (0.0090) 1.19 (0.54) 0.90 (0.41)27Q057 0.0106 (0.27) 0.57 (1.26) 0.43 (0.96)27Q057 0.27 (0.0106) 1.26 (0.57) 0.96 (0.43)A See Practice A664.B These shall be
27、the overall thicknesses as measured by contacting micrometre caliper.C Based on parallel-grain Epstein specimens, stress-relief annealed after shearing in accordance with 14.1.2.D Based on as-sheared parallel-grain sheet-type specimens. Stress-relief annealing will nullify the core-loss reduction pr
28、oduced by the laser scribing.A876 1725. Condition5.1 These grain-oriented electrical steels may be purchased in any of the following conditions (which are combinations ofmaterial form and surface type or treatment) as desired for the expected end use.5.1.1 Condition NFAn annealed coil form having an
29、 inorganic surface coating, Type C-2 (Note 1). This material is notflattened and so exhibits appreciable coil curvature. The principal application is in spirally wound or formed cores in which thestrip curvature is not detrimental to fabricating procedures or device performance.5.1.2 Condition F2The
30、rmally flattened sheet or coiled strip having an inorganic surface coating, Type C-2, plus a thinner(compared to Condition F5) inorganic coating, Type C-5, applied over the inherent C-2 coating. The principal application is inspirally wound or formed cores in which strip curvature is not detrimental
31、 to fabricating procedures or device performance.5.1.3 Condition F5Thermally flattened sheet or coiled strip having an inorganic surface coating, Type C-2, plus an inorganiccoating, Type C-5, applied over the inherent C-2 coating to provide extra surface insulation resistance. The principal applicat
32、ionis in flat sheared laminations for cores of power transformers.5.1.4 Condition PQThermally flattened sheet or coiled strip (sometimes called “punching quality”) with the inherent C-2coating removed and an inorganic coating, Type C-5, applied for insulative purposes. The principal application is i
33、n flat stampedlaminations for small stacked cores with only moderate surface insulation requirements.NOTE 1Additional description of surface coating Types C-2 and C-5 is presented in Specification A345 and Classification A976.5.2 Core-loss types having code letters P and Q are available only in Cond
34、ition F5.6. Ordering Information6.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include such of the following information as is required to describe thematerial adequately:6.1.1 ASTM specification number,6.1.2 ASTM core-loss type designation (Table 1),6.1.3 Material condition (form and surfac
35、e type) designation (5.1),6.1.4 Ductility class (when required),6.1.5 Sheet or strip width,6.1.6 Length (only when cut lengths are specified),6.1.7 Total weight of each ordered item,6.1.8 Limitations on lift weight,6.1.9 Limitations on coil size,6.1.10 End Use(Whenever practicable, the user should s
36、pecify whether the ordered material will be made into flat shearedlaminations, flat stamped laminations, wound cores, bonded wound cores, formed lamination cores, welded lamination cores, andso forth. This will help the producer to provide the most suitable material for the users fabricating practic
37、es), and6.1.11 Exception to the specification or special requirements.7. Materials and Manufacture7.1 Normally, these steels contain approximately 3.2 % silicon and the balance iron with residual elements at a minimum. Whenrequested, the producer shall provide a statement of chemical composition typ
38、ical of the material being supplied.7.2 These electrical steels may be made by the basic-oxygen or electric-furnace process.7.3 When changes in the manufacture of successive shipments of the material are believed to increase the likelihood of adverseeffects upon the magnetic performance or fabricati
39、on for the specified end use, the producer shall notify the user as soon as possiblebefore shipment is made so that he can be afforded an opportunity to evaluate the effects.8. Magnetic Properties8.1 Core Loss:8.1.1 Maximum permissible specific core losses at 15 or 17 kG (1.5 or 1.7 T),1.5 or 1.7 T
40、(15 or 17 kG), 50 and 60 Hz, areguaranteed and are listed in Table 1 for the ASTM core-loss types. The sampling, specimen preparation, and testing practices thatare described herein must be followed when conformity to these guarantees is being checked.8.1.2 Material that conforms to both the core-lo
41、ss and thickness limits of this specification shall be identified by thisspecification number and the appropriate core-loss designation.8.2 Permeability:8.2.1 The permeability at all magnetic flux densities shall be as high as practicable. The quality control of these grades isnormally based on a me
42、asurement of relative peak permeability, p, at a peak ac magnetic field strength, Hp, of 10 Oe (796A/m).796 A/m (10 Oe). For the conventional grain-oriented grades, the value of relative p at 10 Oe (796 A/m)796 A/m (10 Oe)is commonly above 1800. For the high-permeability grades, it is commonly above
43、 1880.A876 1738.3 Magnetic Aging: Although the magnetic properties of these electrical steels are considered to be stable, the maximumcore-loss values of Table 1 are based on tests of non-aged specimens. The guarantee of magnetic properties after an aging treatmentis subject to negotiation between t
44、he user and the producer.9. Surface Insulation Characteristics9.1 The surfaces types produced in each of the material conditions of 5.1 normally have different levels of insulating ability.Interlaminar resistance of two adjacent test surfaces is determined with Test Method A937/A937M. Surface insula
45、tion resistivityof a single test surface is determined with Test Method A717/A717M. Typical ranges for surface insulation effectiveness of thevarious surface types are given in Appendix X1.9.2 When insulative characteristics substantially different than those listed in Appendix X1 are necessary, the
46、 specificrequirements and the procedures for evaluating them shall be negotiated between the user and the producer.10. Physical and Mechanical Properties10.1 Lamination FactorThe lamination factor shall be as high as practicable consistent with the material thickness andcondition. Lamination factor
47、may be determined using Test Method A719/A719M. Typical lamination factor values for the variousmaterial thickness and condition combinations are shown in Appendix X1.10.2 DuctilityThe ductility shall be as high as practicable. When the application requires forming around a sharp radius duringfabric
48、ation, and an evaluation of the ductility is required, the ductility rating shall be determined in accordance with Test MethodA721/A721M. Ductility ratings in the following classes are appropriate for grain-oriented steels in any thickness and conditionwhen tested at room temperature with a bend tra
49、nsverse to the rolling direction with “as-sheared” specimens:Ductility Class Permissible Number of Fractures at Bend A1 none2 1 or 2, total length not over 0.5 in. (12.7 mm)2 1 or 2, total length not over 12.7 mm (0.5 in.)3 3 to 8A Based on 24- to 36-in. (610- to 910-mm)610 to 910 mm (24- to 36-in.) width of material. For widths less than 24 in. (610 mm),610 mm (24 in.), the number of permissiblefractures should be reduced in proportion to the ratio of the width to 24 in. (610 mm).610 mm (24 in.).11. Dimensions and Permissible Variations11.1 ThicknessThe aim thickn
