1、Designation: A941 10aA941 13Standard Terminology Relating toSteel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A941; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This standard is a compilation of definitions of terms related to steel, stainless steel, related alloys, and ferr
3、oalloys.1.2 When a term is used in anASTM document for which CommitteeA01 is responsible, it is included herein only when judged,after review by Subcommittee A01.92, to be a generally usable term.1.3 Some definitions include a discussion section, which is a mandatory part of the definition and conta
4、ins additionalinformation that is relevant to the meaning of the defined term.1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular standard will appear in that standard and will supersede any definitions ofidentical terms in this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E112 Test Methods for
5、 Determining Average Grain Size3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Accm,Ac1, Ac3,Ac4See transformation temperature.Aecm, Ae1, Ae3, Ae4See transformation temperature.age hardening, nhardening by aging, usually after rapid cooling or cold working.age hardening, nsee precip
6、itation hardening.aging, na change in the properties of certain steels that occurs at ambient or moderately elevated temperatures after hot workingor a heat treatment (quench aging, natural aging, or artificial aging) or after a cold-working operation (strain aging).DISCUSSIONThe change in propertie
7、s is often, but not always, due to precipitation hardening, but never involves a change in the chemical composition of thesteel .alloy steel, na steel, other than a stainless steel, that conforms to a specification that requires one or more of the followingelements, by mass percent, to have a minimu
8、m content equal to or greater than: 0.30 for aluminum; 0.0008 for boron; 0.30 forchromium; 0.30 for cobalt; 0.40 for copper; 0.40 for lead; 1.65 for manganese; 0.08 for molybdenum; 0.30 for nickel; 0.06 forniobium (columbium); 0.60 for silicon; 0.05 for titanium; 0.30 for tungsten (wolfram); 0.10 fo
9、r vanadium; 0.05 for zirconium;or 0.10 for any other alloying element, except sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen.annealing, na generic term covering any of several heat treatments.DISCUSSION1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related
10、Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.92on Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2010April 1, 2013. Published July 2010May 2013. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as A94110.10a.DOI: 10.1520/A0941-10a.10.1520/A0941-13a.2 For referencedAST
11、M standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user o
12、f an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as pu
13、blished by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1This treatment is used for purposes such as reducing hardness,
14、improving machinability, facilitating cold working, producing a desired microstructure,or obtaining desired mechanical, physical, or other properties. Where applicable, it is preferred that the following more specific terms be used: boxannealing, bright annealing, flame annealing, full annealing, gr
15、aphitization annealing, intermediate annealing, isothermal annealing, processannealing, recrystallization annealing,spheroidizing, and subcritical annealing. The term “annealing,” without qualification, implies fullannealing.Any process of annealing will usually reduce stresses; however, if the trea
16、tment is applied for the sole purpose of stress reduction, it shouldbe designated stress relieving.Arcm, Ar1, Ar3, Ar4See transformation temperature.artificial aging, naging above room temperature.atmospheric corrosion resistance, nthe ability to resist degradation or alteration of material through
17、chemical reaction with thesurrounding atmosphere.DISCUSSIONThis term generally pertains to carbon steel, low alloy steel, or micro-alloyed steel.austempering, n heat treatment involving quenching a steel object from a temperature above the transformation range ina medium maintained at a temperature
18、above the martensite range sufficiently fast to avoid the formation of high temperaturetransformation products, and then holding it at that temperature until transformation is complete.austenitizing, nforming austenite by heating a steel object above the transformation range.baking, nheating to a lo
19、w temperature in order to remove gases.batch furnace, na heating device within which steel objects are held stationary or oscillated during the thermal processing cycle.blank carburizing, nsimulating the carburizing operation without introducing carbon.DISCUSSIONThis is usually accomplished by using
20、 an inert material in place of the carburizing agent, or by applying a suitable protective coating on the objectbeing heat treated.blank nitriding, nsimulating the nitriding operation without introducing nitrogen.DISCUSSIONThis is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the nitri
21、ding agent, or by applying a suitable protective coating on the object beingheat treated.bluing, nsubjecting the scale-free surface of a steel object to the action of air, steam, or other agents at a suitable temperature,thereby forming a thin blue film of oxide and improving the objects appearance
22、and corrosion resistance.DISCUSSIONThis term is ordinarily applied to sheet, strip, or finished parts. It is used also to denote the heating of springs after fabrication in order to improvetheir properties.box annealing, nannealing in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation.DISCU
23、SSIONThe charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly.bright annealing, nannealing in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface.capped steel, na rimmed steel in which, during ingo
24、t solidification, the rimming action was limited by mechanical or chemicalmeans.carbon potential, nthe carbon content at the surface of a specimen of pure iron in equilibrium with the carburizing mediumconsidered, and under the conditions specified.carbon restoration, nreplacing the carbon lost from
25、 the surface layer in previous processing by carburizing this layer tosubstantially the original carbon level.A941 132carbon steel, na steel that conforms to a specification that prescribes a maximum limit, by heat analysis in mass percent, ofnot more than: 2.00 for carbon and 1.65 for manganese, bu
26、t does not prescribe a minimum limit for chromium, cobalt,molybdenum, nickel, niobium (columbium), tungsten (wolfram), vanadium, or zirconium.DISCUSSIONExcept as required above, it is permissible for carbon steel specifications to prescribe limits (minimum or maximum, or both) for each specified all
27、oyingelement, subject to the following restrictions for the heat analysis limits in mass percent:(a) for wrought carbon steel products, the specified maximum limit is not to exceed: 0.10 for aluminum, 0.60 for silicon, and 0.050 for titanium;(b) for carbon steel castings, the specified maximum limit
28、 is not to exceed: 0.10 for aluminum, 1.00 for silicon, and 0.050 for titanium.(c) for carbon steels that are required to be rephosphorized, the specified minimum limit for phosphorus is not to be less than 0.040;(d) for carbon steels that are required to be resulfurized, the specified minimum limit
29、 for sulfur is not to be less than 0.060;(e) for carbon steels that are not required to be rephosphorized or resulfurized, the specified maximum limit is not to exceed: 0.60 for copper, 0.050for phosphorus, and 0.060 for sulfur; and(f) for carbon steels that are required to contain boron, copper, or
30、 lead, the specified minimum limit is not to exceed: 0.0005 for boron, 0.35 for copper,and 0.25 for lead.carbonitriding, ncase hardening in which a suitable steel object is heated above Ac1 in a gaseous atmosphere of suchcomposition as to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the s
31、urface and, by diffusion, to create aconcentration gradient.carburizing, na process in which an austenitized steel object is brought into contact with a carbonaceous environment ofsufficient carbon potential to cause absorption of carbon at the surface and, by diffusion, to create a concentration gr
32、adient.case, nin case hardening, the outer portion that has been made harder than the core as a result of altered composition ormicrostructure, or both, from treatments such as carburizing, nitriding, and induction hardening.case hardening, na generic term covering any of several processes applicabl
33、e to steel that change the chemical composition ormicrostructure, or both, of the surface layer.DISCUSSIONThe processes commonly used are: carburizing and quench hardening; nitriding; and carbonitriding. It is preferred that the applicable specificprocess name be used.cast analysisDeprecated term. U
34、se the preferred term heat analysis.cementation, nthe introduction of one or more elements into the outer portion of a steel object by means of diffusion at hightemperature.certificate of compliance, nin manufactured products, a document that states that the product was manufactured, sampled,tested,
35、 and inspected in accordance with the requirements of the specification (including year of issue) and any otherrequirements specified in the purchase order or contract, and has been found to meet such requirements.DISCUSSIONA single document, containing test report information and certificate of com
36、pliance information, may be used.certifying organization, nin product specifications, the entity responsible for the conformance and certification of the productto the specification requirements.check analysisDeprecated term. Use the preferred term product analysis.coarse grain practice, na steelmak
37、ing practice for other than stainless steel that is intended to produce a killed steel in whichaluminum, niobium (columbium), titanium, and vanadium are residual elements.cold working, nmechanical deformation of a metal at temperatures below its recrystallization temperature.coldtreatment, nexposing
38、 a steel object to temperatures below room temperature for the purpose of obtaining desired conditionsor properties, such as dimensional or structural stability.conditioning heat treatment, na preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a steel object for a desired reaction to a subsequentheat treatm
39、ent.continuous-conveyance furnace, na heating device through which steel objects are intentionally moved at a constant rate duringthe thermal processing cycle.A941 133controlled cooling, ncooling a steel object from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner to avoid hardening,cracking, or in
40、ternal damage, or to produce a desired microstructure or mechanical properties.core, nin case hardening, the interior portion of unaltered composition or microstructure, or both, of a case hardened steel object.core, nin clad products, the central portion of a multilayer composite metallic material.
41、critical cooling rate, nthe slowest rate of continuous cooling at which austenite can be cooled from above the transformationrange to prevent its transformation above Ms.cycle annealing, nannealing employing a predetermined and closely controlled time-temperature cycle to produce specificproperties
42、or a specific microstructure.decarburization, nthe loss of carbon from the surface of a steel object as a result of its being heated in a medium that reactswith the carbon.defect, nan imperfection of sufficient magnitude to warrant rejection based on the specified requirements.differential heating,
43、nheating that intentionally produces a temperature gradient within a steel object such that, after cooling,a desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within the object.diffusion coating, nany process whereby a base metal is either coated with another metal and heated to a su
44、fficient temperaturein a suitable environment, or exposed to a gaseous or liquid medium containing the other metal, thereby causing diffusion ofthe coating or other metal into the base metal, with a resultant change in the composition and properties of its surface.direct quenching, nin thermochemica
45、l processing,quenching immediately following the thermochemical treatment.direct quenching, nin thermomechanical processing,quenching immediately following the final hot deformation.document, na written, printed, or electronic record that provides information, evidence, or official statements.double
46、 aging, nemployment of two different aging treatments, in sequence, to control the type of precipitate formed from asupersaturated alloy matrix in order to obtain the desired properties.DISCUSSIONthe first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out
47、at a higher temperature than the second.double tempering, na treatment in which a quench-hardened steel object is given two complete tempering cycles at substantiallythe same temperature for the purpose of ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and promoting stability of the resultantmicrostr
48、ucture.electronic data interchange, nthe computer to computer exchange of business information in a standardized format.ellipsis, nin a tabular entry, three periods (.) that indicate that there is no requirement.ferritizing anneal, na heat treatment that produces a predominantly ferritic matrix in a
49、 steel object.ferroalloy, nan alloy of iron and one or more other metals, for use as an addition to the molten metal during the manufactureof steels, nickel alloys, or cobalt alloys.fine grain practice, na steelmaking practice for other than stainless steel that is intended to produce a killed steel that is capableof meeting the requirements specified for fine austenitic grain size.DISCUSSIONIt normally involves the addition of one or more austenitic grain refining elements in amounts that have been established
