1、Designation: A961/A961M 14Standard Specification forCommon Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings,Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A961/A961M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of common require-ments that shall apply
3、to steel flanges, forged fittings, valves,and parts for piping applications under any of the followingindividual product specifications:Title of Specification ASTM DesignationForgings, Carbon Steel, for Piping Components A105/A105MForgings, Carbon Steel, for General-Purpose Piping A181/A181MForged o
4、r Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged A182/A182MFittings, and Valves and Parts for High TemperatureServiceForgings, Carbon and Low Alloy Steel, Requiring Notch A350/A350MToughness Testing for Piping ComponentsForged or Rolled 8 and 9 % Nickel Alloy A522/A522MSteel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and
5、Partsfor Low-Temperature ServiceForgings, Carbon and Alloy Steel, for Pipe Flanges, A694/A694MFittings, Valves, and Parts for High-PressureTransmission ServiceFlanges, Forged, Carbon and Alloy Steel for Low A707/A707MTemperature ServiceForgings, Carbon Steel, for Piping Components with A727/A727MInh
6、erent Notch ToughnessForgings, Titanium-Stabilized Carbon Steel, for A836/A836MGlass-Lined Piping and Pressure Vessel Service1.2 In case of conflict between a requirement of the indi-vidual product specification and a requirement of this generalrequirement specification, the requirements of the indi
7、vidualproduct specification shall prevail over those of this specifica-tion.1.3 By mutual agreement between the purchaser and thesupplier, additional requirements may be specified (see Section4.1.2). The acceptance of any such additional requirementsshall be dependent on negotiations with the suppli
8、er and mustbe included in the order as agreed upon between the purchaserand supplier.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text andthe tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values statedin each system may not be ex
9、act equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply, unless the“M” designation (SI) of the product specification is specified inthe order.2. Referenced D
10、ocuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2A105/A105M Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings forPiping ApplicationsA181/A181M Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, forGeneral-Purpose PipingA182/A182M Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy andStainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valvesand Parts
11、for High-Temperature ServiceA275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination ofSteel ForgingsA350/A350M Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy SteelForgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for PipingComponentsA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA522/A522M
12、 Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9%Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts forLow-Temperature ServiceA694/A694M Specification for Carbon and Alloy SteelForgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts forHigh-Pressure Transmission ServiceA700 Guide for Packaging, Marki
13、ng, and Loading Methodsfor Steel Products for ShipmentA707/A707M Specification for Forged Carbon and AlloySteel Flanges for Low-Temperature ServiceA727/A727M Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings forPiping Components with Inherent Notch ToughnessA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Ch
14、emi-cal Analysis of Steel Products1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and BoltingMaterials for Piping and
15、Special Purpose Applications.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as A961/A961M13.DOI: 10.1520/A0961_A0961M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer S
16、ervice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
17、28-2959. United States1A836/A836M Specification for Titanium-Stabilized CarbonSteel Forgings for Glass-Lined Piping and Pressure VesselServiceA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, RelatedAlloys, and FerroalloysA967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments forStainless Steel P
18、artsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting TemperatureUniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat SteelProductsA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of SteelProductsMetricB880 Specification for General Requirements for ChemicalCheck Analysis Limits for Nickel, Nickel Alloys andCobalt Alloys
19、E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets,Blooms, and ForgingsE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle TestingE1916 Guide for Identification of Mixed Lots of Metals2.2 ASME Standard:3ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CodeSection IX2.
20、3 Manufacturers Standardization Society Standard:4SP 25 Standard Marking System of Valves, Fittings, Flangesand Unions3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of other terms used in thisspecification, refer to Terminology A941.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bar, na soli
21、d rolled or forged section that is long inrelationship to its cross sectional dimensions, with a relativelyconstant cross section throughout its length and a wroughtmicrostructure.3.2.2 certifying organization, nthe company or associa-tion responsible for the conformance of, the marking of, andthe c
22、ertification of the product to the specification require-ments.3.2.3 fitting, na component for non-bolted joints in pipingsystems.3.2.4 flange, na component for bolted joints used inpiping systems.3.2.5 forging, nthe product of a substantially compressivehot or cold plastic working operation that co
23、nsolidates thematerial and produces the required shape.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe plastic working must be performedby a forging machine, such as a hammer, press, or ring rollingmachine, and must deform the material to produce a wroughtstructure throughout the material cross section.3.2.6 seamless tubing,
24、 na tubular product made without awelded seam.3.2.6.1 DiscussionIt is manufactured usually by hot work-ing the material, and if necessary, by subsequently coldfinishing the hot worked tubular product to produce the desiredshape, dimensions and properties.4. Ordering Information4.1 It is the purchase
25、rs responsibility to specify in thepurchase order all ordering information necessary to purchasethe needed material. Examples of such information include, butare not limited to, the following:4.1.1 Quantity,4.1.2 Size and pressure class or dimensions, (tolerances andsurface finishes should be includ
26、ed),4.1.3 Specification number with grade or class, or both, asapplicable, and year/date,4.1.4 Choice of testing track from the options listed in TestMethods A1058 when material is ordered to an M suffix (SIunits) product standard. If the choice of test track is notspecified in the order, then the d
27、efault ASTM track shall beused as noted in Test Methods A1058,4.1.5 Supplementary requirements, and4.1.6 Additional requirements.5. Melting Process5.1 Unless otherwise specified in the individual ProductSpecification, the steel shall be fully killed.5.2 If a specific type of melting is required by t
28、he purchaser,it shall be stated on the purchase order.5.3 The primary melting may incorporate separate degas-sing or refining and may be followed by secondary melting,such as electroslag remelting or vacuum remelting. If second-ary melting is employed, the heat shall be defined as all of theingot re
29、melted from a single primary heat.5.4 Steel may be cast in ingots or may be strand cast. Whensteel of different grades is sequentially strand cast, identifica-tion of the resultant transition material is required. The steelproducer shall remove the transition material by an establishedprocedure that
30、 positively separates the grades.5.5 A sufficient discard shall be made from the sourcematerial to secure freedom from injurious porosity andshrinkage, and undue segregation.6. Manufacture6.1 The finished part shall be manufactured from a forgingthat is as close as practicable to the finished size o
31、r shape.Alternative starting materials may be used, but with thefollowing exceptions and requirements.6.1.1 BarFlanges, elbows, return bends, tees, and headertees shall not be machined directly from bar. Other hollowcylindrical shaped parts up to, and including, NPS 4 can bemachined from bar provide
32、d that the axial length of the part isapproximately parallel to the metal flow lines of the startingstock.6.1.2 Wrought Seamless Pipe and TubingFlanges shall notbe machined directly from seamless pipe or tubing. Other3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational
33、Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.4Available from Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and FittingsIndustry (MSS), 127 Park St., NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4602, http:/www.mss-.A961/A961M 142hollow cylindrical shaped parts can be machined from seam-less
34、 pipe and tubing provided that the axial length of the partis approximately parallel to the metal flow lines of the startingstock.7. Heat Treatment7.1 Material requiring heat treatment shall be treated asspecified in the individual product specification using thefollowing procedures that are defined
35、 in more detail in Termi-nology A941.7.1.1 Full AnnealingMaterial shall be uniformly reheatedto a temperature above the transformation range and, afterholding for a sufficient time at this temperature, cooled slowlyto a temperature below the transformation range.7.1.2 Solution AnnealingMaterial shal
36、l be heated to atemperature that causes the chrome carbides to go intosolution, and then, quenched in water or rapidly cooled byother means to prevent reprecipitation.7.1.3 Isothermal AnnealingIsothermal annealing shallconsist of austenitizing a ferrous alloy, and then, cooling to andholding within
37、the range of temperature at which the austenitetransforms to a relatively soft ferrite-carbide aggregate.7.1.4 Normalizing Material shall be uniformly reheated toa temperature above the transformation range, andsubsequently, cooled in air at room temperature.7.1.5 Tempering and Post-Weld Heat Treatm
38、entMaterialshall be reheated to the prescribed temperature below thetransformation range, held at temperature for the greater of 30min or 1 h/in. 25.4 mm of thickness at the thickest section andcooled in still air.7.1.6 Stress RelievingMaterial shall be uniformly heatedto the selected stress relievi
39、ng temperature. The temperatureshall not vary from the selected temperature by more than 625F 614 C.7.1.7 Quench and TemperMaterial shall be fully austen-itized and quenched immediately in a suitable liquid medium.The quenched fittings shall be reheated to a minimum tempera-ture of 1100 F 590 C and
40、cooled in still air.7.1.8 Same Heat Treat CycleHeat treat loads at the sametemperature, equivalent soak times as appropriate for themaximum section size on the respective load and equivalentcooling methods.8. Chemical Requirements8.1 Chemical AnalysisSamples for chemical analysis andmethods of analy
41、sis shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices, and Terminology A751.8.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat of steel shall bemade by the steel manufacturer to determine the percentages ofthose elements specified in the individual product specification.If secondary melting processes are em
42、ployed, the heat analysisshall be obtained from one remelted ingot, or the product ofone remelted ingot, from each primary melt. The chemicalanalysis thus determined shall conform to the requirements ofthe individual product specification. Note that the productanalysis (check analysis) tolerances ar
43、e not to be applied to theHeat Analysis requirements.8.3 Product AnalysisIf a product analysis is performed itshall be in accordance with Test Methods, Practices, andTerminology A751. Samples for analysis shall be taken frommidway between center and surface of solid parts, midwaybetween inner and ou
44、ter surfaces of hollow parts, midwaybetween center and surface of full-size prolongations or frombroken mechanical test specimens. The chemical compositionthus determined shall conform to the limits of the productspecification, within the permissible variations of Table 1 orTable 2 of this specifica
45、tion, as appropriate for the grade beingsupplied.9. Mechanical Requirements9.1 Method of Mechanical TestsAll tests shall be con-ducted in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370if the inch-pound units are specified or Test Methods A1058 ifthe M suffix (SI units) is specified.9.2 For the pu
46、rpose of determining conformance to theproduct specification requirements, specimens shall be ob-tained from the production forgings, or from separately forgedtest blanks prepared from the stock used to make the finishedproduct. In either case, mechanical test specimens shall not beremoved until aft
47、er all heat treatment is complete. If repairwelding is performed, test specimens shall not be removeduntil after post-weld heat treatment is complete, unless permit-ted by the product specification. The locations from which testspecimens are removed shall be in accordance with the ProductSpecificati
48、on.9.3 If separately forged test blanks are used, they shall be ofthe same heat of steel, be subjected to substantially the samereduction and working as the production forging theyrepresent, be heat treated in the same furnace charge except asprovided for in the reduced testing provisions of the pro
49、ductspecification, under the same conditions as the productionforging, and be of the same nominal thickness as the maximumheat treated thickness of the production forging.9.4 When parts are machined from bar or seamless tubing,as permitted in 6.1.1 and 6.1.2, the mechanical properties maybe determined for the parts from the starting material, if theparts have not been subjected to any subsequent thermalprocessing since the time of mechanical test.10. Hardness Requirements10.1 The part shall conform to the hardness requirementsprescribed in
