1、Designation: A 978/A 978M 97 (Reapproved 2002)e1Standard Specification forComposite Ribbed Steel Pipe, Precoated and PolyethyleneLined for Gravity Flow Sanitary Sewers, Storm Sewers, andOther Special Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 978/A 978M; the number immediatel
2、y following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTESeveral editori
3、al corrections were made throughout the specification in September 2002.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers composite ribbed steel pipe,precoated and polyethylene lined intended for use for gravityflow sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and other special applica-tions such as water transmission pipe,
4、rehabilitation pipe, slipline pipe, and irrigation pipe where extra corrosion andabrasion resistance are required. The steel sheet used in thefabrication of the pipe has a polymer coating over a metalliccoating of zinc on both sides. In addition, as the pipe is beingfabricated, the ribs are filled w
5、ith polyethylene and then apolyethylene liner is extruded onto the interior surface.1.2 The exterior polymer precoating provides extra protec-tion of the steel against soilside corrosion, in addition to thatprovided by the metallic coating, and also provides a dielectricbarrier for cathodic protecti
6、on. The interior polymer precoatingprovides an adhesive layer between the galvanized steel andthe polyethylene lining. The applied lining provides internalprotection against corrosion, erosion, and abrasion. By fillingthe rib which has a deltoid shape (smaller at the opening in thepipe wall than at
7、the bottom of the rib), the polyethylene ismechanically connected to the pipe wall and the polyethyleneliner is then thermally bonded to the filled rib.1.3 This specification does not include requirements forbedding, backfill, or the relationship between earth cover loadand sheet thickness of the pi
8、pe. Experience has shown that thesuccessful performance of this product depends upon theproper selection of sheet thickness, type of bedding andbackfill, controlled manufacture in the plant, and care in theinstallation. The installation procedure is described in PracticeA 798.1.4 This specification
9、is applicable to orders in eitherinch-pound units as A 978, or in SI units as A 978M.Inch-pound units and SI units are not necessarily equivalent. SIunits are shown in brackets in the text for clarity, but they arethe applicable values when the material is ordered to A 978M.1.5 This standard does no
10、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard
11、s:A 90/A 90M Test Method for Weight (Mass) of Coating onIron and Steel Articles with Zinc or Zinc-Alloy Coating2A 153/A 153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) onIron and Steel Hardware2A 307 Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60000 psi Tensile Strength3A 563 Specification for Car
12、bon and Alloy Steel Nuts3A 563M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsMetric3A 742/A 742M Specification for Steel Sheet MetallicCoated and Polymer Precoated for Corrugated Steel Pipe2A 780 Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areasof Hot Dip Galvanized Coatings2A 796/A 796M Practice fo
13、r Structural Design of Corru-gated Steel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm andSanitary Sewers and Other Applications2A 798 Practice for Installing Factory-Made CorrugatedSteel Pipe for Sewers and Other Applications2A 902 Terminology Relating to Metallic Coated Steel Prod-ucts2A 926 Test Method
14、 for Comparing the Abrasion Resistanceof Coating Materials for Corrugated Metal Pipe2A 929/A 929M Specification for Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process for Corrugated Steel Pipe2B 633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zincon Iron and Steel4B 695 Specification for Coating
15、s of Zinc MechanicallyDeposited on Iron and Steel41This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A05 onMetallic Coated Iron and Steel Products and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee A05.17 on Corrugated Steel Pipe Specification.Current edition approved October 10, 1997. Pub
16、lished November 1998.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.06.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.08.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C 443 Specification for Joints for Cir
17、cular Concrete Sewerand Culvert Pipe, Using Rubber Gaskets5C 443M Specification for Joints for Circular ConcreteSewer and Culvert Pipe, Using Rubber Gaskets Metric5D 638/D 638M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plas-tics6D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of
18、Plastics by Displacement6D 1005 Test Methods for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers7D 1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials,Sponge or Expanded Rubber8D 1238 Test Method for Flow Rates of Thermoplastics byExtrusion Plastometer6D 2240 Test Method for
19、Rubber PropertyDurometerHardness9D 1435 Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics6D 3212 Specification for Joints for Drain and Sewer PlasticPipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals10D 5576 Practice for Determination of Structural Entities inPolyolefins by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT-
20、IR)11D 5630 Test Method for Ash Content in Thermoplastics11F 568 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel ExternallyThreaded Metric Fasteners3F 593 Specification for Stainless Steel Bolts, Hex CapScrews, and Studs3F 594 Specification for Stainless Steel Nuts3F 738M Specification for Stainless Steel
21、Metric Bolts,Screws, and Studs3F 836M Specification for Stainless Steel Metric Nuts32.2 AASHTO Standard:T 249 Test for Helical Lock Seam Corrugated Pipe12Specifications for Highway Bridges, Division 2, Section26123. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this speci-fication, refe
22、r to Terminology A 902.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 composite, nthe joining of steel and plastic toachieve a synergy of desirable characteristics not attainable byeither material alone.3.2.2 deltoid shape, nthe open triangular shape of the ribprofile, which has a greater
23、dimension at the base (away fromthe pipe wall) than at the peak (opening at the interior wall ofthe pipe).3.2.3 extruded liner, na liner produced by a process thatapplies melted polyethylene into the ribs and sequentiallyextrudes a liner over the top of the rib openings and across theadjacent flats
24、while the pipe is being fabricated.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for material to this specification shall include thefollowing information as necessary, to adequately describe thedesired product.4.1.1 Name of material (composite ribbed steel pipe, pre-coated and polyethylene lined),4.1.2 Type of
25、 metallic coating (zinc) (see 5.1),4.1.3 ASTM designation and year of issue, as A 978 forinch-pound units or as A 978M for SI units,4.1.4 Rib size and spacing (see Table 1). If not stated, thesize and spacing combination furnished shall be at the fabri-cators option,4.1.5 Diameter of pipe (see 7.1),
26、4.1.6 Length, either total length or length of each piece andnumber of pieces,4.1.7 Sheet thickness (see 7.2),5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.7Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.8Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02.9Annual Book of ASTM S
27、tandards, Vol 09.01.10Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.11Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.12Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials, 444 N. Capital, Washington, DC 20001.TABLE 1 Rib Requirements for Steel PipeNominal Size Deltoid Shaped RibNar
28、rowestWidth,AMinWidestWidth,BMinDepth,CMinSpacing,DMaxBottomOutsideRadius,MinBottomOutsideRadius,EMax AvgTopOutsideRadius,MinTopOutsideRadius,EMax AvgA 978, in.34 by34 by 712 0.45 0.68 0.73 712 0.10 0.25 0.10+t 0.25+t34 by1by1112 0.45 0.68 0.90 1134 0.10 0.25 0.10+t 0.25+tA 978M, mm19 by 19 by 190 1
29、2 17 19 190 2.5 6.0 2.5+t 6.0+t19 by 25 by 292 12 17 23 298 2.5 6.0 2.5+t 6.0+tANarrowest width is a dimension of the inside of the rib measured on the inside of the pipe.BWidest width is a dimension of the inside of the rib but is measured on the outside of the pipe (outside of the rib) and shall m
30、eet or exceed the stated minimum widthplus two times the wall thickness (that is, 2t + 0.68 in. (2t +17mm).CDepth is an average of the ribs within a sheet width measured from the inside by placing a straight edge across the open rib and measuring to the bottom of the rib.DSpacing is an average of th
31、ree adjacent ribs (one sheet width) spacings for34 by34 3 712 in. pipe and two adjacent rib (one sheet width) spacings for the34 3 13 1112 in. pipe measured center-to-center of the ribs, at 90 to the direction of the ribs.EThe average of the two top rib radii and of the two bottom radii shall be wit
32、hin the minimum and maximum tolerances. The term“ outside” refers to the outside surfaceof the pipe.A 978/A 978M 97 (2002)e124.1.8 Joint connectors, number, and type (soil tight, water-resistant, or watertight),4.1.9 Certification, if required (see 13.1), and4.1.10 Special requirements.NOTE 1Typical
33、 ordering information may be described as: (1) Com-posite ribbed steel pipe, precoated and polyethylene lined, zinc-coated, inaccordance with Specification A 978,34 by34 by 712 in., 72 in. diameter,600 ft. in length, 0.109 in. sheet thickness, 30-soil tight joint connectors;(2) Composite ribbed stee
34、l pipe, precoated and polyethylene lined,zinc-coated, in accordance with Specification A 978M, 19 by 19 by 190mm, 1800 mm diameter, 182.9 m in length, 2.77 mm sheet thickness,30-soil tight joint connectors.5. Material5.1 Steel Sheets for PipeAll pipe fabricated under thisspecification shall be forme
35、d from polymer precoated sheetconforming to Specification A 742/A 742M, except that oneside of the sheet (interior side of pipe) shall have additives thatwill enhance the bond with the extruded polyethylene liner.5.1.1 The polymer shall have a minimum thickness of 10mils 250 m on each side.5.1.2 The
36、 polymer coating is applied to steel having ametallic coating of zinc as described in Specification A 929/A 929M.5.2 Polyethylene for Rib Filling and the Internal LinerThe polyethylene for rib filling and the internal liner shall be avirgin resin which is predominantly an ethylene octene copoly-mer.
37、 The polymer shall be stabilized for processing at 500F260C and to endure a 180-day exposure to sunlight. Thepolymer can contain pigments and stabilizer but shall be 99 %minimum polyethylene resin.5.2.1 The resin properties shall be:Melt index: I2= 7.5 g/10 min (6 1.5) Test Method D 1238Flow Rate Ra
38、tio: I10/I2= 7-8 Test Method D 1238Density: 0.902 g/cc (6 .002) Test Methods D 792Hardness: ShoreD=45(6 5) Test Method D 2240Ash Content: 1.0 % Test Method D 56305.2.2 Analyze the precoated film and the polymer by FTIRspectrophotometry in accordance with Practice D 5576 andliquid chromatography meth
39、ods and compare to standards toverify the polymer is suitable for the application. A lotidentification system shall be used to allow traceability ofresin.5.3 Steel Sheet for Joint ConnectorsThe sheet used infabricating joint connectors shall conform to the same specifi-cation listed in 5.1 as that u
40、sed for fabricating of the pipefurnished under the order.5.4 Polyethylene for Joint ConnectorsThe polyethyleneused in fabricating joint connectors shall be compatible withthe polymer precoated sheet conforming to the specificationlisted in 5.1 or with the polyethylene used to fill the ribs andfabric
41、ate the liner as listed in 5.2, or both.5.5 Hardware for Storm Sewer Joint ConnectorsExternalbolts and nuts for storm sewer joint connectors shall conformto the following requirements:Bolts NutsFor A 978 pipe Specification A 307 Specification A 563,Grade AFor A 978M pipe Specification F 568,Class 4.
42、6Specification A 563M,Class 55.5.1 Bolts, nuts, and other threaded items used with jointconnectors shall be zinc coated by one of the followingprocesses: hot-dip process as provided in Specification A 153/A 153M; electroplating process as provided in SpecificationB 633, Class Fe/Zn 25; or mechanical
43、 process as provided inSpecification B 695, Class 8. Other hardware items used withjoint connectors shall be zinc coated by one of the followingprocesses: hot-dip process as provided in Specification A 153/A 153M; electroplating process as provided in SpecificationB 633, Class Fe/Zn 25; or mechanica
44、l process as provided inSpecification B 695, Class 25.5.6 Hardware for Sanitary Sewer Joint ConnectorsExternal bolts and nuts for sanitary sewer joint connectors shallconform to the following requirements:Bolts NutsFor A 978 pipe Specification F 593 Marten-sitic Alloy 410Specification F 594 Marten-s
45、itic Alloy 410For A 978M pipe Specification F 738M Mar-tensitic Alloy 410Specification F 836M Mar-tensitic Alloy 4105.7 GasketsIf gaskets are used in connecting, they shallbe a band of expanded rubber meeting the requirements ofSpecification D 1056 for the “RE” closed-cell grades, orO-rings meeting
46、the requirements of Specification C 443 orSpecification C 443M, butyl rubber base joint sealant, or otherapproved resilient materials.6. Fabrication6.1 General RequirementsPipe shall be fabricated in fullcircular cross-section with helical lock seams and helical ribsprojecting outwardly.6.2 ProfileT
47、he profile shall be essentially deltoid shapedribs projecting outward from the pipe wall. The dimensions ofthe ribs shall be in accordance with Table 1 for the sizeindicated on the order. For the 11.5-in. 292 mm rib spacing,if the sheet between the ribs does not include a lock seam, astiffener shall
48、 be included midway between the ribs. Thisstiffener shall have a nominal radius of 0.25 in. 6.4 mm anda minimum height of 0.20 in. 5.1 mm toward the outside ofthe pipe.6.3 Helical Lock SeamsThe lock seam shall be formed inthe flat zone of the pipe wall, between two ribs.6.3.1 The edges of the sheets
49、 within the cross section of thelock seam shall lap at least516 in. 7.9 mm with an occasionaltolerance of 10 % of the lap width allowable. The lappedsurfaces shall be in tight contact. The profile of the sheet shallinclude a retaining offset adjacent to the 180 fold (as describedin AASHTO T 249) of one sheet thickness on one side of thelock seam. There shall be no visible cracks in the metal, loss ofsheet-to-sheet contact, or excessive angularity on the interior ofthe 180 fold of metal at the completion of forming the lock
