1、Designation: A 979/A 979M 03Standard Specification forConcrete Pavements and Linings Installed in CorrugatedSteel Structures in the Field1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 979/A 979M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the minimum material require-ments and describes the proc
3、edures for installing concretepavements and linings in corrugated steel pipes and structuralplate structures in the field. Specific designs with additional orgreater requirements shall be detailed in the contract docu-ments. This specification is applicable to paving or lining newpipes and for rehab
4、ilitating existing structures. The pipe to bepaved or lined is described in Specifications A 760/A 760M,A 761/A 761M, and A 762/A 762M.1.2 This specification covers pipes 48 in. 1 200 mm andlarger for pavements and 24 in. 600 mm and larger for fulllinings.1.3 New pipes are to be designed in accordan
5、ce withPractice A 796 and installed in accordance with Practice A 798for factory-made pipes and Practice A 807 for structural platestructures. Structures to be rehabilitated shall be structurallystable.1.4 Pipes with plant installed concrete pavements and lin-ings are covered under Specification A 8
6、49.1.5 This specification is applicable to product in eitherinch/pound units as A 979 or in SI units as A 979M. Inch/pound units and SI units are not necessarily equivalent. SI unitsare shown in brackets in the text for clarity, but they are theapplicable values when materials are ordered to A 979M.
7、1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions and equipment. The standard does not purport to addressall of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It isthe responsibility of the user of this standard to establishappropriate safety and health practices and determine th
8、eapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:A 185 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, forConcrete Reinforcement2A 615 Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet-SteelBars for Concrete Reinforcement2A 760/A 760M Specification for Cor
9、rugated Steel Pipe,Metallic-Coated for Sewers and Drains3A 761/A 761M Specification for Corrugated Steel Struc-tural Plate, Zinc-Coated, for Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches3A 762/A 762M Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe,Polymer Precoated for Sewers and Drains3A 796 Practice for Stru
10、ctural Design of Corrugated SteelPipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm and SanitarySewers and Other Buried Applications3A 798/A 798M Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corru-gated Steel Pipe for Swers and Other Applications3A 807/A 807M Practice for Installing Corrugated SteelStructural Plate Pi
11、pe for Sewers and Other Applications3A 849 Specification for Post-Applied Coatings, Pavings,and Linings for Corrugated Steel Sewer and DrainagePipe3A 902 Terminology Relating to Metallic Coated Steel Prod-ucts3C 31/C 31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the Field4C 33 Specifi
12、cation for Concrete Aggregates4C 39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of CylindricalConcrete Specimens4C 150 Specification for Portland Cement5C 309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing Concrete4C 595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements5C 618 Specification for
13、Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture inPortland Cement Concrete41This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A05 onMetallic Coated Iron and Steel Products and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee A05.17 on Corrugated Steel Pipe Specific
14、ations.Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as A 979/A 979M - 97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.06.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.5Annual Book of A
15、STM Standards, Vol 04.01.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 3405 Specification for Joint Sealants, Hot-Applied, forConcrete and Asphalt Pavements62.2 Am
16、erican Water Works Association Standards:AWWA C 602 Standards for Cement-Mortar Lining of Wa-ter Pipelines-4 in. (100 mm) and larger-in place73. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms used inthis specification, see Terminology A 902.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stand
17、ard:3.2.1 contractor, nthe installer or applicator of the con-crete pavement of lining.3.2.2 engineer, nthe designer of the work and its details.3.2.3 fabricator, nthe producer of the pipe.3.2.4 lining, nfor corrugated metal pipe, a layer of non-metallic material applied uniformly to the interior of
18、 a fabri-cated pipe, of sufficient thickness to fill and cover the corru-gations.3.2.5 pavement, nfor corrugated metal pipe, a liningapplied only to a portion of the interior circumference, usuallylocated in the lower portion (as the pipe is installed).3.2.6 purchaser, nthe person or agency purchasi
19、ng thefinished product.4. Requirements4.1 Concrete PavementsConcrete pavements shall beplaced after the pipe has been installed. For new pipes,pavements shall be placed after the pipe is backfilled to finalgrade. If the depth of fill exceeds four feet, the pavement maybe placed after four feet of ba
20、ckfill over the pipe has beenplaced. If the paving is placed prior to completion of the entirefill, any gaps between the pipe and pavement shall be filledwith heated joint sealer conforming to Specification D 3405.Special pavement designs, which exceed the minimum require-ments of this specification
21、, shall be detailed in the job plansand specifications. In lieu of special designs, pavements shallextend over the area to be protected or rehabilitated. Invertpavements shall cover a minimum of the bottom 25 % of around pipes circumference and 40 % of the circumference ofa pipe-arch (the invert of
22、the pipe-arch), unless a special designis detailed in the plans and specifications.4.1.1 The concrete for pavements shall have a minimum28-day compressive strength of 3250 psi 22.4 MPa whentested in accordance with Specification C 31 and Test MethodC 39. The pavement shall have a minimum 3 in. 75-mm
23、thickness above the crests of the corrugations or structural platebolts or nuts as applicable.4.1.2 A minimum pavement thickness of 1-12 in. 38 mmabove the crests of the corrugations or structural plate bolts ornuts as applicable is required if concrete with a 28-dayminimum compressive strength of 5
24、 000 psi 34.5 MPa whentested in accordance with Specification C 31 and Test MethodC 39, is used.NOTE 1For rehabilitation applications, greater concrete pavementthicknesses may be required to replace necessary pipe ring compressionstrength lost due to service conditions.4.2 Concrete LiningsConcrete l
25、inings shall be placedafter the pipe has been installed and backfilled to final grade.Concrete linings shall cover 100 % of the circumference ofround pipes.4.2.1 The concrete for linings shall have a minimum 28-daycompressive strength of 5 000 psi 34.5 MPa when tested inaccordance with Specification
26、 C 31 and Test Method C 39. Thelining shall have a minimum thickness of18 in. 3.2 mm abovethe crests of the corrugations or structural plate bolts or nuts asapplicable.4.3 Concrete MaterialsConcrete materials for pavementsand linings shall consist of portland cement, fly ash (whenused), aggregates a
27、nd water. Special additives for air entrain-ment, sulfate resistance, etc., may be included as part of aspecific mix design that meets or exceeds the requirements ofthis specification.4.3.1 The cement for pavements shall be Type II portlandcement conforming to Specification C 150 with an alkaliconte
28、nt not more than 0.60 % expressed as Na2O.4.3.2 The cement used for linings shall conform to therequirements of Specification C 150 for Type I or Type II.4.3.3 Type IP portland Pozzolan cement conforming toSpecification C 595 shall be permitted in concrete for pave-ments or linings, in lieu of the r
29、equirements of 4.3.1 or 4.3.2,if no fly ash is used in the mix.4.3.4 Aggregates shall be clean, hard, and durable conform-ing to the requirements of Specification C 33 except that forconcrete linings, the requirements for grading do not apply. Forlinings, the aggregates shall be well graded with 100
30、 % passingthe No. 16 1.18 mm sieve with no more than 5 % passing theNo. 100 150-m sieve.4.3.5 Fly ash shall conform to the requirements of Specifi-cation C 618 for Class C or Class F. When used for pavementsor linings, fly ash shall not exceed 20 % weight of the totalcementitious materials in the mi
31、x.4.3.6 Potable water shall be used.4.3.7 Steel reinforcement, when required for pavements,shall be billet-steel bars conforming to Specification A 615,Grade 40 minimum or welded wire fabric reinforcementconforming to Specification A 185.4.4 Concrete MixThe concrete mix shall be uniform andhomogeneo
32、us. The water content shall be the minimum quan-tity that produces a workable mixture with full allowance madefor condensation forming on the interior of the pipe. Thewater-cement ratio of the mix shall not exceed 0.50 by weight.NOTE 2Guidance as to concrete mix consistency requirements forvarious t
33、ypes of equipment used to place full concrete linings is providedin the American Water Works Association (AWWA) C 602.4.5 Surface Finish:4.5.1 Pavements shall have a troweled or untroweled sur-face finish as specified in the contract documents. Full liningsshall have a troweled surface finish.4.5.1.
34、1 Untroweled pavements shall be uniform and regularin appearance, meeting the requirements of 4.1 unless the plans6Discontinued and replaced by Specification D 6690; see 2001 Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.7Available from American Water Works Association, 6666 West QuinceyAvenue, Denver, CO
35、 80235.A 979/A 979M 032and specifications require a specially roughened surface, en-ergy dissipators, etc., to slow or impede flow.NOTE 3Concrete pavements including special surface rougheningtechniques (the placement of concrete bricks, blocks, etc., into thepavement to provide energy dissipating f
36、low checks, etc.) are permitted.Such techniques must be detailed in the plans and specifications.4.5.2 A troweled surface finish shall be accomplished usingmetal trowels and floats. The finished surface shall meet therequirements of 7.4.4.6 Pipe Repairs:4.6.1 When paving or lining new pipes, damaged
37、 pipe shallbe replaced or repaired in accordance with the pipe Specifica-tions A 760/A 760M, A 761/A 761M, or A 762/A 762M, asapplicable.4.6.2 Damaged or deteriorated pipes to be rehabilitated shallbe repaired as directed by the engineer. Repairs are theresponsibility of the paving or lining contrac
38、tor or others asdictated by the contract documents.5. Procedures5.1 Cleaning and Preparation:5.1.1 The interior surface areas of new pipes to be paved orlined shall be free or oil, grease, and accumulated or runningwater. Dirt and construction debris shall be removed. Brushing,sweeping, or flushing
39、are appropriate cleaning means. Shot orsand blasting shall not be permitted.5.1.2 For rehabilitating pipes in service, the areas to bepaved or lined shall be cleaned by methods specified orapproved by the purchaser to remove corrosion, chemical orother products, any loose or deteriorated remains of
40、oldcoatings, oils, greases, dirt and all other debris, as well asaccumulated or running water.5.1.3 Casual or standing water except for naturally occur-ring condensation shall be removed from surfaces to be lined orpaved. When running water or service flows are present, abypass system carrying these
41、 flows around the portion of thepipeline to be paved or lined shall be provided by thecontractor. The bypass system shall be approved by thepurchaser and shall carry all the flows. The pavement or liningis to be placed in dry conditions and cured adequately topreclude erosion of the concrete, loss o
42、f cement or theformation of excessive laitance.5.2 Paving Methods:5.2.1 Pavements shall be placed by hand or slip formingmethods. They must be placed in a full thickness, screeded andfinished to the necessary smoothness.5.2.2 Reinforcement shall be supplied and installed by thepipe fabricator if req
43、uired by the purchase agreement for thepipe. Otherwise, for new pipe installations and all rehabilita-tion work the reinforcement shall be supplied and installed bythe contractor or others designated in the contract documents.5.2.3 Reinforcement shall be of the type, size, and spacingas required by
44、the plans and specifications. If the type, size, andspacing of reinforcement are not given in the plans or specifi-cations, a minimum 434 W1.43W1.4 welded wire fabric shallbe provided.5.2.4 Reinforcement shall be securely fastened to the pipe.NOTE 4Reinforcement, when required, typically consists of
45、 longitu-dinal No. 3 or larger bars, located to provide a minimum of 0.2 %reinforcement area. Steel welded wire fabric, used in lieu of bars, isselected to provide this minimum, longitudinal steel reinforcement areawith a mesh size that accommodates foot traffic during assembly andconcrete placement
46、. Specific designs including reinforcement must evalu-ate reinforcement location and pavement thickness to provide adequateconcrete cover over the reinforcement for the intended application.5.3 Lining Methods:5.3.1 The lining for all straight pipe sections shall be placed,in one or more passes, by a
47、 machine that progresses uniformlythrough the pipe and applies concrete against the pipe surfacefully filling the corrugation and providing a uniform thicknessover the corrugation crests meeting the requirements of 4.2.1.The machine shall not segregate the mix and shall be providedwith mechanical tr
48、owels to achieve the desired finish.5.3.2 Linings shall be hand placed in sharp bends, or otherareas where machine lining is not practicable. All handworkshall meet the requirements of 4.2. All hand placed lining workshall be completed within 24 h after completion of the machineapplication portion o
49、f the pipeline.5.4 Curing:5.4.1 Curing operations shall begin immediately followingthe completion of the placement of the pavement or lining in asection of pipeline and shall continue for a minimum period of72 h or as directed by the engineer. The surface of the concreteshall be kept moist during the cure period. When practical, thepipeline shall be closed with airtight covers and the liningsmaintained in a moist condition.5.4.2 Where airtight closures to prevent the evaporation lossare not practicable, proper cure shall be achieved by applyingan in
