1、Designation: A985/A985M 11a A985/A985M 12Standard Specification forSteel Investment Castings General Requirements, forPressure-Containing Parts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A985/A985M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements that are mandatory for
3、steel castings produced by the investmentcasting process for pressure-containing parts under each of the following ASTM Specifications:Title of Specification ASTM DesignationSteel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, A216/A216Mfor High-Temperature ServiceSteel Castings, Martensitic Stainle
4、ss and Alloy, for A217/A217MPressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature ServiceCastings, Austenitic, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex), A351/A351Mfor Pressure-Containing PartsSteel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure- A352/A352MContaining Parts, Suitable for Low-TemperatureServi
5、ceSteel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for A389/A389MPressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature ServiceSteel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service A487/A487M1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements, which may be applied to the above specificat
6、ions asindicated therein. These requirements are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired and apply only whenspecified individually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 When investment casting is ordered, the requirements of this specification shall take precedence over the ind
7、ividual materialspecification requirements.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thet
8、wo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicabil
9、ity of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A216/A216M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature ServiceA217/A217M Specification for Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Par
10、ts, Suitable forHigh-Temperature ServiceA351/A351M Specification for Castings, Austenitic, for Pressure-Containing PartsA352/A352M Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature Service1 This specification is under the jurisdic
11、tion of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.18on Castings.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011May 1, 2012. Published November 2011August 2012. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2011 asA985/
12、A985M 11.A985/A985M 11a. DOI: 10.1520/A0985_A0985M-11A.10.1520/A0985_A0985M-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
13、 on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that us
14、ers consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
15、ohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA389/A389M Specification for Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for Press
16、ure-Containing Parts, Suitable forHigh-Temperature ServiceA487/A487M Specification for Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure ServiceA488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and PersonnelA609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless
17、 Steel, Ultrasonic Examination ThereofA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA800/A800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA903/A903M Specification for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Magnetic Pa
18、rticle and Liquid PenetrantInspectionA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and FerroalloysA967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel PartsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat
19、 Steel ProductsA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsMetricA1067 Specification for Test Coupons for Steel CastingsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE125 Reference Photographs f
20、or Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous CastingsE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. (50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace ApplicationsE208 Test
21、Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Ferritic SteelsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,
22、 Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-IronAlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, andCobalt AlloysE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Mag
23、netic Particle TestingE2660 Digital Reference Images for Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications2.2 ANSI Standard:3B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings2.3 ASME Standard:4ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, NB-25462.4 Standards of the Manufacturers Standardization Socie
24、ty of the Valve and Fitting Industry:5MSS SP 53 Quality Standard for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components(Magnetic Particle Exam Method)MSS SP 54 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components (Radi
25、ographicExamination Method)2.5 SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice:6ARP 1341 Determining Decarburization and Carburization in Finished Parts of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370 and , Terminology A941, and Test Methods A1058 a
26、reapplicable to this specification and those listed in 1.1.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 heat, nall the molten metal poured from a single furnace or all of the molten metal from two or more furnaces pouredinto a single ladle or casting prior to the replenishing of the furn
27、ace(s).3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.5 Av
28、ailable from Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry (MSS), 127 Park St., NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4602, http:/www.mss-.6 Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.A985/A985M 1223.2.2 investme
29、nt casting, na metal casting that is produced in a mold obtained by investing (surrounding) an expendablepattern with a ceramic slurry, which is allowed to solidify. The expendable pattern may consist of wax, plastic, or other materialand is removed prior to filling the mold with liquid metal.3.2.3
30、master heat, na single furnace charge of alloy that may be either poured directly into castings or into remelt alloy forindividual melts.3.2.4 subheat, na portion of master heat remelted with only minor additions for deoxidation for pouring into castings. Syn.melt, production heat.4. Materials and M
31、anufacture4.1 Melting ProcessMaster heats shall be made by the electric furnace process with or without separate refining such asargon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), vacuum-oxygen-degassing (VOD), vacuum-induction-melting (VIM), and so forth, unlessotherwise specified in the individual specification
32、or agreed upon between the customer and producer. Master heats may be useddirectly for producing castings or converted into ingot, bar, shot, or other suitable form, not including gates and risers from castingproduction, for later remelting as a subheat.4.2 Re-Melting ProcessSubheats shall be produc
33、ed from master heat metal in suitable batch sizes by electric inductionfurnace, with or without atmosphere protection, such as vacuum or inert gas unless otherwise agreed upon between the customerand producer. Revert (gates, sprues, risers, and rejected castings) shall not be remelted except in mast
34、er heats.4.3 Heat Treatment:4.3.1 Ferritic and martensitic steel shall be cooled after pouring to provide substantially complete transformation of austeniteprior to heat treatment to enhance mechanical properties.TABLE 1 Product Analysis Tolerances for Carbon and Low-AlloySteelsElement RangeA Tolera
35、ncesB ,C over maxor under min, Limit, %Carbon (C) up to 0.65 % 0.03 % CL + 0.02above 0.65 % 0.04 %Manganese (Mn) up to 1 % 0.08 % MnL + 0.01above 1 % 0.09Silicon (Si) up to 0.60 % 0.22 % SiL - 0.01above 0.60 % 0.15 %Phosphorus (P) all 0.13 % PL + 0.005Sulfur (S) all 0.36 % SL + 0.001Nickel (Ni) up t
36、o 2 % 0.10 % NiL + 0.003above 2 % 0.25 %Chromium (Cr) up to 2 % 0.07 % CrL + 0.04above 2 % 0.18 %Molybdenum (Mo) up to 0.6 % 0.04 % MoL + 0.03above 0.6 % 0.06 %Vanadium (V) up to 0.25 % 0.23 % VL + 0.004above 0.25 % 0.06 %Tungsten (W) up to 0.10 % 0.08 % WL + 0.02above 0.10 % 0.02 %Copper (Cu) up to
37、 0.15 % 0.18 % CuL + 0.02above 0.15 % 0.05 %Aluminum (Al) up to 0.10 % 0.08 % AlL + 0.02above 0.10 % 0.03 %A The range denotes the composition limits up to which the tolerances arecomputed by the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by aconstant.B The subscriptL for the elements in eac
38、h equation indicates that the limits of theelement specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into theequation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit, ifapplicable, respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented in thefootnote C.C To comput
39、e the tolerances, consider the manganese limits 0.50 - 80 % of GradeWC4 of Specification A217/A217M. According to Table 1, the maximum permis-sible deviation of a product analysis below the lower limit 0.50 is 0.05 % = (0.08 0.50 + 0.01). The lowest acceptable product analysis of Grade WC4, therefor
40、e, is0.45 %. Similarly, the maximum permissible deviation above the upper limit of 0.80% is 0.074 % = (0.08 0.08 + 0.01). The highest acceptable product analysis ofGrade WC4, therefore is 0.874. For Grade WCC of Specification A216/A216M, themaximum manganese content is 1.40 % if the carbon content i
41、s 0.20 %. In thiscase, the highest acceptable product analysis is 1.49 = (1.40 + 0.09).A985/A985M 1234.3.2 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of a furnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA991/A991M.4.3.2.1 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above 2000
42、F 1100C, then the working zone shall have beenestablished by a survey performed at not more than 25F 15C below nor more than 200F 110C above the minimum heattreatment temperature specified for the grade. If a minimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for the grade, then thesurvey temperatu
43、re shall be not more than 50F 30C below nor more than 175F 100C above the furnace set point used.4.3.2.2 The maximum variation in measured temperature as determined by the difference between the highest temperature andthe lowest temperature shall be as agreed between the purchaser and producer excep
44、t that during production heat treatment noportion of the furnace shall be below the minimum specified temperature nor above the maximum specified temperature for thegrade being processed.4.4 Sampling:4.4.1 If castings are poured directly from one or more master heats, then the samples for chemical a
45、nd other required testingalso shall be poured directly from each of the master heats.4.4.2 If castings are poured from a subheat, then the samples for chemical and other required testing also shall be poured froma subheat of that same master heat, but not necessarily from the same subheat as the cas
46、tings. The subheat used for the test samplesshall be produced using the same practices and additions as used for the castings.4.4.3 Test specimens may be taken from castings or from coupons cast either integrally with the castings, in the same moldsas the castings, or in separate molds.4.4.4 Separat
47、ely cast specimens for tension testing shall be cast in molds of the same type and material as those used for thecastings, as shown in Specification A1067, Figs. 14, except when Supplementary Requirement S26 is specified. The test couponin Specification A1067, Fig. 4 shall be employed only for auste
48、nitic alloy castings with cross sections less than 212 in.75. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materials covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices, and Terminology A751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of samples obtained in accordance
49、with 4.4 or Supplementary Requirement S29 as appropriate,shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements specified for the grade being poured. Whendrillings are used, they shall be taken not less than 116 in. 1.6 mm beneath the surface. The chemical composition thus determinedshall be reported to the purchaser, or his representative, and shall conform to the requirements in the individual specification forthe grade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may
