1、Designation: B 577 93 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Test Methods forDetection of Cuprous Oxide (Hydrogen EmbrittlementSusceptibility) in Copper1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEEditorial ch
3、anges were made throughout in October 2004.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods describe procedures for determiningthe presence of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) in products made fromdeoxidized and oxygen-free copper.1.2 UnitsInch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.The values given in parentheses are mathe
4、matical conversionsto SI units that are provided for information only and are notconsidered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and hea
5、lth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionsMicroscopical Examination without Thermal Treatment 9-11Microscopical Examination after Thermal Treatment 13-15Closed Bend Test after Thermal Treatment 17-
6、19Reverse Bend Test after Thermal Treatment 21-232. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 3 Practice for Preparation of Metallographic SpecimensE 883 Guide for Reflected-Light Photomicrography3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 deoxidized coppermaterial produced substantiallyfree of cuprous oxid
7、e, by the use of metallic or metalloidaldeoxidizers, as determined by metallographic examination at753 under polarized light. Oxygen may be present as residualdeoxidation products.3.1.2 embrittlementthe reduction of the normal ductilityin a metal as a result of a physical or chemical change. As itre
8、lates to these test methods, embrittlement is the loss ofductility caused by the reaction of cuprous oxide in the coppermaterial when exposed at elevated temperatures to a reducingatmosphere.3.1.3 oxygen-free copperelectrolytic copper producedsubstantially free of cuprous oxide without the use of me
9、tallicor metalloidal deoxidizers as determined by metallographicexamination at 753 under polarized light. Oxygen may bepresent up to a maximum of 5 ppm in Copper UNS No.C10100 and 10 ppm in Copper UNS No. C10200.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 The presence of cuprous oxide is determined either bymicro
10、scopical examination under polarized light or by methodsthat involve heating the test specimens in a hydrogen-richatmosphere and rapidly cooling the specimens without undueexposure to air followed by a microscopical examination or asuitable bend test.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods det
11、ermine whether copper productswill be resistant to embrittlement when exposed to elevatedtemperatures in a reducing atmosphere.5.1.1 It is assumed that all who use these test methods willbe trained personnel capable of performing these proceduresskillfully and safely. It is expected that work will b
12、e performedin a properly equipped facility.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Method AMetallographic equipment of the typedescribed in Practice E 3 and Guide E 883 suitably equippedwith a polarized light illuminating device.6.2 Test Methods B, C, and D:6.2.1 Metallographic equipment of the type described inPracti
13、ce E 3 and Guide E 883 provided with normal illumina-tion.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B05 on Copperand Copper Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B05.06 onMethods of Test.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyappro
14、ved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as B 577 93 (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AST
15、M website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2.2 A furnace of sufficient capacity, capable of maintain-ing the required reducing atmosphere while the sp
16、ecimens arebeing heated. A rapid cooling device using either water or areducing atmosphere is required.6.2.3 A machinist vise with replaceable matching pairs ofjaw mandrels of various radii contours.7. Sampling7.1 Sampling shall be in accordance with the requirementsof the specification under which
17、the material was ordered.8. Test Specimens8.1 Longitudinal specimens, that is, specimens whose axesare parallel to the direction of working are preferable. How-ever, equally reliable results can be obtained with specimens inwhich the axis is perpendicular to the directions of working.8.2 Specimens s
18、hall be of dimensions suitable for theperformance of the required tests. Where necessary to cut aspecimen from an oversize piece of material, at least one of theoriginal surfaces of the material shall be retained in the testspecimen. Suggested dimensions for test specimens are givenin the following
19、table (for Procedures C or D):Wrought Products Suggested Dimensions forTest SpecimensFlats (wire, strip, sheets, bar,and plate)thicknessthat of the product but should notexceed12 in. (13 mm)widthapprox.12 in. (13 mm)lengthapprox. 6 in. (152 mm)Shapes and forgings To the extent that the dimensions of
20、 the ma-terial permit, the dimensions of the testspecimens are those suggested for the flatproducts specimens.(Where the product dimensions, particularlylength, as in the case of forgings, do notpermit taking a specimen, the totalproduct may then become the test spec-imen for examination by Procedur
21、es Aor B.)Wire or rod diameter or distance between parallelsurfacesthat of the product but not toexceed12 in. (13 mm)lengthapprox. 6 in. (152 mm)Tubular products:Diameter or distance betweenparallel surfaces:Up to516 in. (8 mm), incl. full section of tube, approx 6 in. (152 mm)longOver516 in. (8 mm)
22、 to 1 in.(25.4 mm), incl.a slit half section of the tube, approx 6 in.(152 mm) longOver 1 in. (25.4 mm) a slit section approx12 in. (13 mm) wide and6 in. (152 mm) long taken either trans-verse or parallel to the tube axisRefinery shapes a 0.080-in. (2.03-mm) diameter wire specimenmade by forging, sw
23、aging, hot rolling,and cold drawing as may be necessary8.3 All specimens made by cutting from larger stock shallhave their corners or edges deburred to a slight radius beforetesting.TEST METHOD AMICROSCOPICALEXAMINATION WITHOUT THERMAL TREATMENT9. Scope9.1 This test method describes a procedure by w
24、hich thepresence of cuprous oxide is determined by polarized lightmicroscopy examination at a minimum magnification of 753.10. Procedure10.1 The test specimens taken transverse to and bounded byan original surface of the material are mounted and polished inaccordance with Practice E 3.10.1.1 Photomi
25、crographs, when taken, are prepared in ac-cordance with Guide E 883.10.2 The polished, but unetched, surface of the specimensare examined under reflected polarized light at a minimummagnification of 753.10.2.1 Cuprous oxide will appear as ruby-red particles.10.2.2 Cuprous oxide will appear as blue p
26、articles underwhite light.11. Application11.1 This test method is applicable to Copper UNS Nos.C10100, C10200, C10300, C10400, C10500, C10700, C11700,and C12000.12. Precision and Bias12.1 A precision and bias statement is not applicable sincethe results of these test methods merely indicate whether
27、thereis conformation to a criteria for success specified in theparticular procedure.TEST METHOD BMICROSCOPICALEXAMINATION AFTER THERMAL TREATMENT13. Scope13.1 This test method describes a procedure by which thepresence of cuprous oxide is determined by microscopicalexamination under normal illuminat
28、ion at a minimum magni-fication of 753 after thermal treatment of the specimens.14. Procedure14.1 Heat the cleaned and degreased specimens whichretain at least one original surface for 20 to 40 min in anatmosphere of at least 10 % hydrogen within a furnace held ata temperature of 1562 6 45F (850 6 2
29、5C).14.2 After the heat treatment, immediately remove andquench the specimens in water without undue exposure to airor quickly cool the specimens in the same atmosphere.14.3 The test specimens taken transverse to and bounded byan original surface of the treated material are mounted andpolished, and
30、etched when desired, in accordance with PracticeE3.14.3.1 Photomicrographs, when taken, shall be prepared inaccordance with Guide E 883.14.4 Cuprous oxide (hydrogen embrittlement) when presentin the material tested will manifest itself by the open grainstructure (gassing) characteristic of embrittle
31、ment. For ex-ample, the grain structure is outlined by a series of voids at thegrain boundary.14.5 In case of controversy concerning the presence orabsence of cuprous oxide (hydrogen embrittlement), TestMethod C or D, as specified in the product specification, shallbe followed.B 577 93 (2004)e1215.
32、Application15.1 The test method is applicable to Copper UNS Nos.C10100, C10200, C10400, C10500, C10700, C10800, C11700,C12000, C12200, and C14200.16. Precision and Bias16.1 A precision and bias statement is not applicable sincethe results of these test methods merely indicate whether thereis conform
33、ation to a criteria for success specified in theparticular procedure.TEST METHOD CCLOSED BEND TEST AFTERTHERMAL TREATMENT17. Scope17.1 This test method describes a procedure by which thepresence of cuprous oxide (hydrogen embrittlement) is deter-mined by bending thermally treated specimens into a fl
34、attened“U” shape.18. Procedure18.1 Heat the cleaned and degreased specimen that retainsat least one of the original surfaces for a period of 20 to 40 minin an atmosphere of at least 10 % hydrogen within a furnaceheld at a temperature of 1562 6 45F (850 6 25C).18.2 After the heat treatment, immediate
35、ly quench thespecimens in water without undue exposure to air or quicklycool the specimens in the same atmosphere.18.3 Flatten all tubular specimens, after the thermal treat-ment, in a vise or press with smooth surfaces, to twice the wallthickness, before bending.18.4 Make the bend test at ambient t
36、emperature as indicatedin Fig. 1 with an original surface of the material on the outsideof the bend.18.5 Bend the test specimen in such a manner as to form a“U” with the final closure being made by squeezing the legs ofthe “U” together.18.5.1 The formation of cracks on the outside surface of thebend
37、 are evidence of the presence of cuprous oxide in thecopper.19. Application19.1 This test method is applicable to Copper UNS Nos.C10100, C10200, C10300, C10400, C10500, C10700, C11700,and C12000.20. Precision and Bias20.1 A precision and bias statement is not applicable sincethe results of these tes
38、t methods merely indicate whether thereis conformation to a criteria for success specified in theparticular procedure.TEST METHOD DREVERSE BEND TEST AFTERTHERMAL TREATMENT21. Scope21.1 This test method describes a procedure in which thepresence of cuprous oxide (hydrogen embrittlement) is deter-mine
39、d by subjecting thermally treated specimens to a prede-termined number of bends.22. Procedure22.1 Heat the cleaned and degreased specimens that retainat least one of the original surfaces for a period of 20 to 40 minin an atmosphere of at least 10 % hydrogen within a furnaceheld at a temperature of
40、1562 6 45F (850 6 25C).22.2 After the heat treatment, immediately remove andquench the specimens in water without undue exposure to airor quickly cool the specimens in the same atmosphere.22.3 At ambient temperature, clamp the specimen lightlybetween jaws with edges having a radius of two and a half
41、times the thickness (or diameter) of the material being tested.22.3.1 An original surface of the material shall be sopositioned as to be on the outer bend radius.22.4 Bend the specimen over one edge of the clamp jawsthrough an angle of 90 and return the specimen to the originalposition; this constit
42、utes one bend.22.5 Bend the specimen in the opposite direction through anangle of 90 and return the specimen to the original position;this constitutes a second bend.22.6 Continue making bends in alternating directions untilthe required number of bends have been made or the specimenfractures.22.7 Fai
43、lure to withstand the required minimum number ofbends is evidence of the presence of cuprous oxide.23. Application23.1 This test method is applicable to Copper UNS Nos.C10100, C10200, C10300, C10400, C10500, C10700, andC12000.24. Precision and Bias24.1 A precision and bias statement is not applicabl
44、e sincethe results of these test methods merely indicate whether thereis conformation to a criteria for success specified in theparticular procedure.25. Keywords25.1 cuprous oxide in copper; embrittlement; hydrogenembrittlement of copper; test methods; UNS Alloy No.C10100; UNS Alloy No. C10200; UNS
45、Alloy No. C10300;UNS Alloy No. C10400; UNS Alloy No. C10500; UNS AlloyNo. C10700; UNS Alloy No. C11700; UNS Alloy No. C12000;UNS Alloy No. C12200; UNS Alloy No. C12400; UNS AlloyNo. C14200FIG. 1 Bend TestB 577 93 (2004)e13SUMMARY OF CHANGESThis section identifies the principle changes to this standa
46、rd that have been incorporated since the last issue.(1) Title change.(2) Sections describing each test method identified in scope.(3) Each test method self contained.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin thi
47、s standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be
48、 reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresp
49、onsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the
