1、Designation: B577 16Standard Test Methods forDetection of Cuprous Oxide (Hydrogen EmbrittlementSusceptibility) in Copper1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods desc
3、ribe procedures for determiningthe presence of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) in products made fromdeoxidized and oxygen-free copper.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionsMicroscopical Examination without Thermal Treatment 911Microscopical Examination after Thermal Treatment 1315Closed Be
4、nd Test after Thermal Treatment 1719Reverse Bend Test after Thermal Treatment 21231.3 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standar
5、d.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced
6、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic SpecimensE883 Guide for ReflectedLight Photomicrography3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 deoxidized coppermaterial produced substantiallyfree of cuprous oxide, by the use of metallic or meta
7、lloidaldeoxidizers, as determined by metallographic examination at75 under polarized light. Oxygen may be present as residualdeoxidation products.3.1.2 oxygen-free copperelectrolytic copper producedsubstantially free of cuprous oxide without the use of metallicor metalloidal deoxidizers as determine
8、d by metallographicexamination at 75 under polarized light. Oxygen may bepresent up to a maximum of 5 ppm in Copper UNS No.C10100 and 10 ppm in Copper UNS No. C10200.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 The presence of cuprous oxide is determined either bymicroscopical examination under polarized light or
9、by methodsthat involve heating the test specimens in a hydrogen-richatmosphere and rapidly cooling the specimens without undueexposure to air followed by a microscopical examination or asuitable bend test.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods determine whether copper productswill be resistan
10、t to embrittlement when exposed to elevatedtemperatures in a reducing atmosphere.5.1.1 It is assumed that all who use these test methods willbe trained personnel capable of performing these proceduresskillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performedin a properly equipped facility.6.
11、Apparatus6.1 Test Method AMetallographic equipment of the typedescribed in Guide E3 and Guide E883 suitably equipped witha polarized light illuminating device.6.2 Test Methods B, C, and D:6.2.1 Metallographic equipment of the type described inGuide E3 and Guide E883 provided with normal illumination
12、.6.2.2 A furnace of sufficient capacity, capable of maintain-ing the required reducing atmosphere while the specimens arebeing heated. A rapid cooling device using either water or areducing atmosphere is required.6.2.3 A machinist vise with replaceable matching pairs ofjaw mandrels of various radii
13、contours.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B05 onCopper and Copper Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B05.06on Methods of Test.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved
14、in 2010 as B577 10. DOI:10.1520/B0577-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Change
15、s section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States17. Sampling7.1 Sampling shall be in accordance with the requirementsof the specification under which the material was ordered.8. Test Specime
16、ns8.1 Longitudinal specimens, that is, specimens whose axesare parallel to the direction of working are preferable.However, equally reliable results can be obtained with speci-mens in which the axis is perpendicular to the directions ofworking.8.2 Specimens shall be of dimensions suitable for theper
17、formance of the required tests. Where necessary to cut aspecimen from an oversize piece of material, at least one of theoriginal surfaces of the material shall be retained in the testspecimen. Suggested dimensions for test specimens for Proce-dures C or D are given in the following table:Wrought Pro
18、ducts Suggested Dimensions forTest SpecimensFlats (wire, strip, sheets,bar, and plate)thicknessthat of the product but shouldnot exceed12 in. (13 mm)widthapprox.12 in. (13 mm)lengthapprox. 6 in. (152 mm)Shapes and forgings To the extent that the dimensions of thematerial permit, the dimensions of th
19、etest specimens are those suggested forthe flat products specimens.(Where the product dimensions, particularlylength, as in the case of forgings, do notpermit taking a specimen, the totalproduct may then become the testspecimen for examination byProcedures A or B.)Wire or rod diameter or distance be
20、tween parallelsurfacesthat of the product but not toexceed12 in. (13 mm)lengthapprox. 6 in. (152 mm)Tubular products:Diameter or distance betweenparallel surfaces:Up to516 in. (8 mm), incl. full section of tube, approx 6 in. (152 mm)longOver516 in. (8 mm) to 1 in.(25.4 mm), incl.a slit half section
21、of the tube, approx 6 in.(152 mm) longOver 1 in. (25.4 mm) a slit section approx12 in. (13 mm) wide and6 in. (152 mm) long taken either transverseor parallel to the tube axisRefinery shapes a 0.080-in. (2.03-mm) diameter wire specimenmade by forging, swaging, hot rolling, andcold drawing as may be n
22、ecessary8.3 All specimens made by cutting from larger stock shallhave their corners or edges deburred to a slight radius beforetesting.TEST METHOD AMICROSCOPICALEXAMINATION WITHOUT THERMAL TREATMENT9. Scope9.1 This test method describes a procedure by which thepresence of cuprous oxide (hydrogen emb
23、rittlement suscepti-bility) is determined by polarized light microscopy examina-tion at a minimum magnification of 75.10. Procedure10.1 The test specimens taken transverse to and bounded byan original surface of the material are mounted and polished inaccordance with Guide E3.10.1.1 Photomicrographs
24、, when taken, are prepared in ac-cordance with Guide E883.10.2 The polished, but unetched, surface of the specimensare examined under reflected polarized light at a minimummagnification of 75.10.2.1 Cuprous oxide will appear as ruby-red particles.10.2.2 Cuprous oxide will appear as blue particles un
25、derwhite light.11. Application11.1 This test method is applicable to Copper UNS Nos.C10100, C10200, C10300, C10400, C10500, C10700, C11700,and C12000.12. Precision and Bias12.1 A precision and bias statement is not applicable sincethe results of these test methods merely indicate whether thereis con
26、formation to a criteria for success specified in theparticular procedure.TEST METHOD BMICROSCOPICALEXAMINATION AFTER THERMAL TREATMENT13. Scope13.1 This test method describes a procedure by which thepresence of cuprous oxide (hydrogen embrittlement suscepti-bility) is determined by microscopical exa
27、mination undernormal illumination at a minimum magnification of 75 afterthermal treatment of the specimens.14. Procedure14.1 Heat the cleaned and degreased specimens whichretain at least one original surface for 20 to 40 min in anatmosphere of at least 10 % hydrogen within a furnace held ata tempera
28、ture of 1562 6 45F (850 6 25C).14.2 After the heat treatment, immediately remove andquench the specimens in water without undue exposure to airor quickly cool the specimens in the same atmosphere.14.3 The test specimens taken transverse to and bounded byan original surface of the treated material ar
29、e mounted andpolished, and etched when desired, in accordance with GuideE3.14.3.1 Photomicrographs, when taken, shall be prepared inaccordance with Guide E883.14.4 Cuprous oxide (hydrogen embrittlement) when presentin the material tested will manifest itself by the open grainstructure (gassing) char
30、acteristic of embrittlement. Forexample, the grain structure is outlined by a series of voids atthe grain boundary.14.5 In case of controversy concerning the presence orabsence of cuprous oxide (hydrogen embrittlement), TestMethod C or D, as specified in the product specification, shallbe followed.1
31、5. Application15.1 The test method is applicable to Copper UNS Nos.C10100, C10200, C10400, C10500, C10700, C10800, C11700,C12000, C12200, and C14200.B577 16216. Precision and Bias16.1 A precision and bias statement is not applicable sincethe results of these test methods merely indicate whether ther
32、eis conformation to a criteria for success specified in theparticular procedure.TEST METHOD CCLOSED BEND TEST AFTERTHERMAL TREATMENT17. Scope17.1 This test method describes a procedure by which thepresence of cuprous oxide (hydrogen embrittlement) is deter-mined by bending thermally treated specimen
33、s into a flattened“U” shape.18. Procedure18.1 Heat the cleaned and degreased specimens that retainat least one of the original surfaces for a period of 20 to 40 minin an atmosphere of at least 10 % hydrogen within a furnaceheld at a temperature of 1562 6 45F (850 6 25C).18.2 After the heat treatment
34、, immediately remove andquench the specimens in water without undue exposure to airor quickly cool the specimens in the same atmosphere.18.3 Flatten all tubular specimens, after the thermaltreatment, in a vise or press with smooth surfaces, to twice thewall thickness, before bending.18.4 Make the be
35、nd test at ambient temperature as indicatedin Fig. 1 with an original surface of the material on the outsideof the bend.18.5 Bend the test specimen in such a manner as to form a“U” with the final closure being made by squeezing the legs ofthe “U” together.18.5.1 The formation of cracks on the outsid
36、e surface of thebend are evidence of the presence of cuprous oxide in thecopper.19. Application19.1 This test method is applicable to Copper UNS Nos.C10100, C10200, C10300, C10400, C10500, C10700, C11700,and C12000.20. Precision and Bias20.1 A precision and bias statement is not applicable sincethe
37、results of these test methods merely indicate whether thereis conformation to a criteria for success specified in theparticular procedure.TEST METHOD DREVERSE BEND TEST AFTERTHERMAL TREATMENT21. Scope21.1 This test method describes a procedure in which thepresence of cuprous oxide (hydrogen embrittl
38、ement) is deter-mined by subjecting thermally treated specimens to a prede-termined number of bends.22. Procedure22.1 Heat the cleaned and degreased specimens that retainat least one of the original surfaces for a period of 20 to 40 minin an atmosphere of at least 10 % hydrogen within a furnaceheld
39、at a temperature of 1562 6 45F (850 6 25C).22.2 After the heat treatment, immediately remove andquench the specimens in water without undue exposure to airor quickly cool the specimens in the same atmosphere.22.3 At ambient temperature, clamp the specimen lightlybetween jaws with edges having a radi
40、us of two and a halftimes the thickness (or diameter) of the material being tested.22.3.1 An original surface of the material shall be sopositioned as to be on the outer bend radius.22.4 Bend the specimen over one edge of the clamp jawsthrough an angle of 90 and return the specimen to the originalpo
41、sition; this constitutes one bend.22.5 Bend the specimen in the opposite direction through anangle of 90 and return the specimen to the original position;this constitutes a second bend.22.6 Continue making bends in alternating directions untilthe required number of bends have been made or the specim
42、enfractures.22.7 Failure to withstand the required minimum number ofbends is evidence of the presence of cuprous oxide.23. Application23.1 This test method is applicable to Copper UNS Nos.C10100, C10200, C10300, C10400, C10500, C10700, andC12000.24. Precision and Bias24.1 A precision and bias statem
43、ent is not applicable sincethe results of these test methods merely indicate whether thereis conformation to a criteria for success specified in theparticular procedure.25. Keywords25.1 cuprous oxide in copper; embrittlement; hydrogenembrittlement of copper; test methods ; UNS Alloy No.C10100; UNS A
44、lloy No. C10200; UNS Alloy No. C10300;UNS Alloy No. C10400; UNS Alloy No. C10500; UNS AlloyNo. C10700; UNSAlloy No. C11700; UNSAlloy No. C12000;UNS Alloy No. C12200; UNS Alloy No. C12400; UNS AlloyNo. C14200FIG. 1 Bend TestB577 163SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee B05 has identified the principal changes
45、to this test method that have been incorporated since the2010 issue as follows:(1) Minor editorial changes in 8.2.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly adv
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