1、Designation: B594 09B594 13Standard Practice forUltrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-Alloy Wrought Productsfor Aerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B594; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice cove
3、rs the requirements for pulse-echo ultrasonic inspection and includes criteria used to define applicablequality levels of aluminum-alloy wrought products for aerospace applications when performance of the ultrasonic test by theproducer is specified, or when ultrasonic inspection is performed by the
4、purchaser upon receipt.1.2 This practice is not applicable if plastic deformation is introduced into the material after delivery.1.3 The ultrasonic test described in this practice is employed to detect internal discontinuities oriented in a direction parallel to,or nearly parallel to, the surface of
5、 the product. The test is performed either by the immersion method or the contact method usingpulsed longitudinal waves which are transmitted and received by a search unit containing either a single crystal or a combinationof electrically interconnected multiple crystals. Ultrasonic tests employing
6、either the through-transmission or the angle-beamtechniques are not included.NOTE 1Ultrasonic tests employing angle-beam techniques require special reference blocks, search units, and scanning procedures and are subject tonegotiation between the purchaser and the seller when such tests are required
7、by the contract or purchase order.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to addres
8、s all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents of the iss
9、ue in effect on date of material purchase form a part of this practice to the extentreferenced herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:2B881 Terminology Relating to Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy ProductsE114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact TestingE127 Practice for Fabricating and Checking
10、 Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference BlocksE214 Practice for Immersed Ultrasonic Testing by the Reflection Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves (Withdrawn 2007)3E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-EchoTesting Instruments and Systems without theUse
11、of Electronic Measurement Instruments2.3 American Society for Nondestructive Testing Standard:ASNT Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and CertificationUltrasonic TestingMethod, SNT-TC-1A41 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee B07 on Light Meta
12、ls andAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.03 on AluminumAlloyWrought Products.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009May 1, 2013. Published January 2010June 2013. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 20062009 asB594 06.B594 09. DOI: 10.1520/B0594-09.10
13、.1520/B0594-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical
14、 standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indicatio
15、n of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be consid
16、ered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.4 National Aerospace Standard:NAS-410 Certification of Inspection Personnel53. Terminology3.
17、1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology B881 for definitions of product terms used in this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The product is inspected ultrasonically by scanning specified entry surfaces with a beam of pulsed longitudinal wavesoriented in a direction perpendicular to the entry surface. The
18、 ultrasound is transmitted into the product either by the direct contactor the immersion method. During the scan, indications representing discontinuities are displayed on an A-scan screen of the testinstrument and may be detected by auxiliary electronic monitors, if used.4.2 When the test system se
19、nsitivity level is appropriately adjusted, detected discontinuities and variations in back reflectionpatterns are evaluated by comparing amplitudes of indications with the ultrasonic responses from selected ultrasonic standardreference blocks. The evaluated ultrasonic discontinuity responses are the
20、n classified and compared with applicable acceptancecriteria.NOTE 2Additional information describing ultrasonic tests by the direct contact method and by the immersion method is available in Practices E114and E214.5. Significance and Use5.1 A number of factors such as the condition of the entry and
21、back surfaces of the inspected part, the inclination of theultrasonic beam with respect to the entry surface, and variations in the performance characteristics of the test system may causesignificant differences in amplitudes of discontinuity indications and back reflections. These factors can serio
22、usly impair thereliability and the quantitative value of the ultrasonic test outlined in this practice.5.2 Accurate evaluations of discontinuity size are also significantly affected by variations in search unit characteristics and byirregularities in discontinuity surfaces which can influence reflec
23、tivity. For these reasons, the discontinuity sizes that may beimplied by the ultrasonic comparisons outlined in this practice must be regarded as “apparent” or “estimated” in recognition ofthe limited quantitative value of the measurement.5.3 Because numerous interacting variables in a test system c
24、an adversely influence the results of an ultrasonic inspection, theactual quantitative effects of detected discontinuities upon the mechanical properties of the inspected product are difficult toestablish. Although this practice provides a reliable control of product quality during manufacture, it i
25、s not applicable as anexclusive indicator of the ultimate quality and performance of components fabricated from the inspected products covered by thispractice.6. Special Requirements6.1 When ultrasonic inspection of the finished product is required of the producer, purchase orders or contracts shall
26、 includethe following information:6.1.1 Special Acceptance LimitsDiscontinuity class limits, if other than those defined in Section 11, shall be subject tonegotiation between the purchaser and the producer and shall be in accordance with an agreement established between thepurchaser and the producer
27、 at the time of quotation or acceptance of purchase order or contract.6.1.2 Engineering DrawingsWhen ultrasonic inspection is specified for alloys, section thicknesses, and weights outside limitsestablished in applicable product specifications, the special discontinuity class limits shall be as nego
28、tiated between the purchaserand the producer and shall be indicated on zoned engineering drawings describing the material to be inspected on part machinedrawings. The drawings shall also indicate non-critical areas on the material and areas that will be removed by machining.6.1.3 Special Testing Pro
29、ceduresCylindrical sections or specified areas of parts containing fillets may require additionalinspections employing special ultrasonic testing procedures (for example, angle-beam, shear-wave technique) not covered by thispractice. Such special testing procedures and acceptance limits shall be est
30、ablished by negotiation and agreement between thepurchaser and producer.7. Apparatus7.1 The required ultrasonic test system shall consist of the following:7.1.1 Basic Test InstrumentAny electronic device that produces electrical pulses to activate a search unit and displays pulsesrepresenting ultras
31、onic reflections on anA-scan screen is satisfactory if the minimum performance characteristics specified in 7.1.3are met. The instrument shall provide stable linear amplification of received pulses at a selected test frequency and requiredsensitivity levels within the specified minimum performance l
32、imits.5 Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.B594 1327.1.2 Search UnitThe recommended search unit is the flat nonfocusing type and contains a piezoelectric crystal whichgenerates a
33、nd receives longitudinal waves at the rated frequency when connected to the test instrument through a suitable coaxialcable. A dual-crystal search unit containing both a transmitting and a receiving crystal in one container may be used provided thetest instrument will accommodate two-crystal operati
34、on. Special tests employing focusing search units may be used provided suchtests are established by negotiation and agreement between purchaser and producer.7.1.2.1 Search Unit SizeAny search unit of either circular or rectangular configuration may be used for initial scanning. Fora circular configu
35、ration that provides an effective crystal area greater than 1.00 in.2 (6.45 cm2) and for all rectangular search unitsa documented method of providing a uniform entry surface for the full extent of the sound beam shall be agreed upon betweenthe purchaser and producer. A search unit containing a circu
36、lar crystal of an effective diameter no greater than 0.75 in. (19.0 mm)is required to evaluate the ultrasonic response from detected discontinuities. When connected to the test instrument and used forinitial scanning and evaluating responses from discontinuities, the search unit shall meet or exceed
37、 the required minimumperformance characteristics at the selected test frequency. Search units used only for initial scanning of a part prior to evaluationof suspect discontinuities shall, as a minimum, have adequate performance of sensitivity and signal to noise ratio appropriate tothe class of insp
38、ection described in Section 11.NOTE 3The same search unit used for initial scanning may also be used for evaluating discontinuities provided its effective crystal diameter is nogreater than 0.75 in. (19.0 mm) and minimum test system performance requirements are satisfied. Rectangular search units ma
39、y be used for evaluationif the method of use is established in writing by the producer and approved by the purchaser.7.1.2.2 Effective Beam WidthThe effective beam width of the search unit shall be established by determining the total traversedistance over which response is maintained within limits
40、specified below. The hole size in the standard Practice E127 referenceblock to be used for determining effective beam width shall be in accordance with those listed in Table 1 for the applicable classof inspection. The metal distance of the reference block shall be that which produces the smallest c
41、learly resolved hole indication.The same water distance to be used for scanning shall be used to determine effective beam width.(a) For round search units, a maximum indication shall be obtained from the hole and then the instrument gain control shallbe adjusted to obtain a hole indication that is e
42、qual to 80 % of the vertical limit. The effective beam width shall be the traversedistance in the index direction over which the indication from the flat-bottom hole equals or exceeds 40 % of the vertical limit.(b) For rectangular search units, an indication shall be obtained from the hole at any po
43、int along the longitudinal axis of thesearch unit and then the instrument gain control shall be adjusted to obtain a hole indication that is equal to 80 % of the verticallimit. The effective beam width shall be the traverse distance in the index direction over which the indication from the flat-bott
44、omhole equals or exceeds 40 % of the vertical limit. The effective beam width establishes the maximum allowable index distance usedduring the initial scan sensitivity for each inspection.7.1.2.3 Distance-Amplitude CharacteristicsThe distance-amplitude characteristics shall be established and recorde
45、d for eachsearch unit by obtaining the ultrasonic response from a complete distance-amplitude set of ultrasonic standard reference blockscontaining the No. 5 (0.078-in. diameter (1.98-mm diameter) flat-bottomed holes (see 7.4) at a nominal sensitivity level to be usedfor evaluating the estimated siz
46、e of detected discontinuities. When using the search unit during testing, a check of the establisheddistance-amplitude characteristics shall be conducted at least once per 8-h shift and shall be performed by noting the ultrasonicresponse from at least three selected No. 5 distance-amplitude referenc
47、e blocks at the established sensitivity level. If the responsefrom any block differs by more than 610 % of the original distance-amplitude curve established for the selected search unit, theTABLE 1 Ultrasonic ClassesClassSingle DiscontinuityResponsein. (mm)A,BMultiple Discontinuitiesin. (mm)C,BLinea
48、r DiscontinuityLengthResponsein. (mm)DLoss of Back Reflection(%)ENoisein. (mm)FAAA 164 (0.40) or 25 % of364 (1.19) response10 % of364 (1.19) response0.12 (3.0)10 % of364 (1.19) response50 10 % of364 (1.19) responseAA 364 (1.19) 264 (0.79) 0.5 (12.7)264 (0.79) response 50 alarm levelA 564 (1.98) 364
49、(1.19) 1.0 (25.4)364 (1.19) response 50 alarm levelB 864 (3.18) 564 (1.98) 1.0 (25.4)564 (1.98) 50 alarm levelC 864 (3.18) Not applicable Not applicable 50 alarm levelA Any discontinuity with an indication greater than the response from a reference flat-bottom hole or equivalent notch at the estimated discontinuity depth of the size given(inches diameter) is not acceptable.B NIST certified blocks are not available for 164 in. (0.40 mm) and 264 in. (0.79 mm) hole diameters. The following substitutions and correction factors are approximations
