ASTM B600-2011 Standard Guide for Descaling and Cleaning Titanium and Titanium Alloy Surfaces《钛及钛合金表面除垢和清洁的标准指南》.pdf
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1、Designation: B600 11Standard Guide forDescaling and Cleaning Titanium and Titanium AlloySurfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B600; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a cleaning and descaling procedureu
3、seful to producers, users, and fabricators of titanium andtitanium alloys for the removal of ordinary shop soils, oxides,and scales resulting from heat treatment operations and foreignsubstances present as surface contaminants.1.2 It is not intended that these procedures be mandatory forremoval of a
4、ny of the indicated soils but rather serve as a guidewhen titanium and titanium alloys are being processed in thewrought, cast, or fabricated form.1.3 It is the intent that these soils be removed prior tochemical milling, joining, plating, fabrication, and in anysituation where foreign substances in
5、terfere with the corrosionresistance, stability, and quality of the finished product.1.4 Acid etching may be required following cleaning whenthe surface has an oxygen-contaminated layer or alpha casepresent.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in
6、parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to consult and establish a
7、ppropriatesafety and health practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.2. Processing Soil Removal2.1 It is recommended that grease, oil, and lubricantsemployed in machining, forming, and fabricating operations ontitanium and titanium alloys be removed by alkaline
8、 oremulsion soak-type cleaners and electrolytic alkaline cleaningsystems. In the electrolytic system the work may be eitheranodic or cathodic polarity. Removal of these soils is recom-mended prior to heat treatment or application of acid treatmentdesignated in 4.2. When electrolytic systems are empl
9、oyed, thevoltage should be controlled to prevent the occurrence of sparkdischarge and subsequent pitting.3. Blast Cleaning3.1 Mechanical descaling methods such as sandblasting,shot blasting, and vapor blasting may be used to remove hotwork scales and lubricants from titanium surfaces if followedby t
10、horough conditioning and cleaning as described in Section4.3.2 The sand used for blasting should be a high-grade,washed, iron-free, silica sand. If carbon or low-alloy steelproducts are sandblasted in the same facility, the sand used forcleaning these products should not be used on titanium surfaces
11、and a separate sand supply should be provided.3.3 Roughening of exposed surface areas may occur fromgrit or shot if cleaning of the entire surface is accomplished byblasting. Partial cleaning for preserving the surface finish is tobe preferred in conjunction with proper pickling procedures.3.4 Blast
12、 cleaning that utilizes steel grit, steel shot, or sandcontaining appreciable amounts of iron should be followed byacid pickling to remove any embedded steel particles on thesurface of the titanium.3.5 Any abrasive or shot blast cleaning may induce residualcompressive stresses in the surface of the
13、material or titaniumstructure. Warpage may occur in sections that are subsequentlychemical milled or contour machined.3.6 In most cases, blast cleaning is not intended to eliminatepickling procedures completely. Abrasives will not removesurface layers contaminated with interstitial elements such asc
14、arbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. When these elements are presentin excessive amounts, they are preferably removed by con-trolled acid pickling in accordance with 4.3.4. Pickling, Cleaning, and Descaling4.1 Recommended post treatment of shot or abrasive blastedtitanium surfaces may include acid pickling
15、as described in4.3.2, or acid cleaning as described in 4.3.3. If the product is tobe chemical milled for the removal of the oxygen-contaminated layer, salt bath conditioning may be required to1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B10 on Reactive andRefractory Metals and Alloys and
16、is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeB10.01 on Titanium.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originallyapproved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as B600 09. DOI:10.1520/B0600-11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
17、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.avoid selectively etched surfaces if configuration interfereswith uniform blasting.4.2 Scale and lubricant residues developed on mill, foundry,forged, or fabricated titanium products usually require condi-tioning by one of the following commercial methods
18、prior tofinal pickling as described in 4.3.2 to produce a completelyscale-free surface.4.2.1 Proprietary solutions of caustic-based compounds intap water in accordance with the manufacturers recommenda-tion.4.2.2 Molten alkaline-based salt baths operating at 750 to850F (399 to 454C) in accordance wi
19、th prescribed proce-dures.4.2.3 Molten alkaline-based salt baths operating at 400F(204C) in accordance with prescribed procedures.4.2.4 Oxides and heat tints developed below 1100F(593C) can frequently be removed by pickling in an acidsolution composed of 10 to 20 volume % (150 to 300 g/L) ofnitric a
20、cid (70 %) and 1 to 2 volume % (12 to 24 g/L) ofhydrofluoric acid (60 %) at 120F (49C).4.2.5 Forged and hot-worked titanium alloys that have thenormal heat-developed scale mixed with graphitic or glass-typelubricants may be conditioned in a molten alkaline-based saltbath operating at 850F (454C) to
21、effect complete solubility ofthe complex scale. Following conditioning, the part should bepickled as described in 4.3.2.4.2.6 It is recommended that heat-treatable alpha beta andbeta alloys in the solution-treated condition that have beenprocessed at temperatures above 1100F (593C), with gra-phitic
22、and molybdenum disulfide lubricant residues mixed withthe heat-developed scale, be conditioned in a molten alkaline-based salt bath operating at 400F (204C). After conditioning,the part may be pickled in accordance with the treatmentdescribed in 4.3.2.4.2.7 Abrasive methods such as wheel or belt gri
23、nding,segmented flapper wheels, and grit or shot blasting, whenavailable, may be used when surface configuration is such thatthe scaled areas are readily accessible.NOTE 1Conditioning of titanium in high-temperature oxidizing saltcan generate galvanic currents where the work is contacting ferrous ba
24、sematerials. Titanium is electrically positive or anodic with respect to theseferrous materials, having an open circuit potential of approximately 0.60V. The resulting discharge from the rack to the work piece can result insurface over-heating and eventual ignition. This effect can be minimizedby ma
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