1、Designation: B611 85 (Reapproved 2005)B611 13Standard Test Method forAbrasive Wear Determining the High Stress AbrasionResistance of Cemented CarbidesHard Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B611; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigina
2、l adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of abrasive wear was dev
3、eloped for ranking the high-stress abrasion resistanceof cemented carbides.carbides, but it has been successfully used on ceramics, cermets, and metal matrix hardfacings with ahardness over 55 HRC. The feature of this test method that discriminates it from other abrasion tests is that the abrasive i
4、s forcedagainst the test specimen with a steel wheel with sufficient force to cause fracture of the abrasive particles. Some abrasion testsuse rubber wheels to force abrasive against test surfaces (Test Methods G65, G105, G75). A rubber wheel produces low-stressabrasion while a steel wheel produces
5、high-stress abrasion.1.2 In summary, this is a high-stress laboratory abrasion test for hard materials using a water slurry of aluminum oxide particlesas the abrasive medium and a rotating steel wheel to force the abrasive across a flat test specimen in line contact with the rotatingwheel immersed i
6、n the slurry.1.3 The values stated in inch-poundSI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered No other units of measurement are includedin this standard.1.4 This standard
7、does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
8、ndards:2B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent PorosityG65 Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel ApparatusG75 Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Mat
9、erials (SARNumber)G105 Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion TestsG40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms found in this test method, please refer to Terminology G40.3.2 Definitions:Definitions of Terms Specific to This S
10、tandard:3.1.1 abrasion resistance, nthe specimens unit loss in volume per revolution of the steel wheel carrying the abrasive.3.2.1 abrasive wear, nthat wear caused by a slurried abrasive on a rotating surface, contacting the specimen surface underpressure.wear due to hard particles or hard protuber
11、ances forced against and moving along a solid surface.3.2.2 wear number,high-stress abrasion, nthe reciprocal of the specimens total volume loss in units of cmprogressivematerial removal from a hard solid surface by the action of hard particles rolling or sliding on that surface with sufficient forc
12、eto cause fracture of the3 .particles.3.2.3 slurry, na suspension of solid material in liquid.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive Wear.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005Nov. 15,
13、2013. Published October 2005XXX 2013. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20002005 asB61185 (2000)(2005).1. DOI: 10.1520/B0611-85R05.10.1520/B0611-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo
14、r Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may n
15、ot be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
16、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test specimen is a flat that is held in a vertical position tangent to a rotating steel wheel immersed in water slurry ofaluminum oxide particles.4.2 The normal force holding the test specimen agains
17、t the wheel is high enough to cause fracture of abrasive particles thattravel through the wheel/test specimen contact. The test metric is the volume of material worn from the test specimen in specifiedtest duration and under specified test conditions.4.3 The test specimen is weighed to determine mas
18、s loss which is converted to a volume loss using the density of the testmaterial.4.4 The slurry used in the test is composed of a specified mass of 30-mesh aluminum oxide in a specified volume of water.4.5 There may be a corrosion component to the material removal, but it is considered to be negligi
19、ble since the test time is onlyten or twenty minutes (600 or 1200 seconds).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a guide to determine the relative abrasive wear resistance of cemented carbides under high-stressabrasion conditions. The abrasive wear is not a measure of wear characteris
20、tics of carbides under all conditions and is not to bemisconstrued as indicative of wear when carbides are used for machinery. It does show the difference in resistance to abrasive usefor different carbide compositions and can The extraction of minerals from the Earths mantle usually requires fractu
21、ring rock withtools made from metals, but clad, overlaid, or covered in some fashion with hard materials. Drilling, crushing, and moving rockinvolves high-stress abrasion on the surfaces that make contact with the rock. The stresses are high enough to crush/fracture therock. This test method simulat
22、es this condition, and it is used to screen new materials for these types of applications. It can alsobe used as a practical test or as a research method for sorting out these differences. quality control tool for materials destined forhigh-stress abrasion applications: slurry pumps, comminution equ
23、ipment, recycling choppers, demolition equipment, etc.5.2 Most abrasion tests use low-stress abrasion. The abrasive stays relatively intact during testing. High-stress abrasionsimulates applications where the force between an abrasive substance and a tool/component will be high enough to crush theab
24、rasive. If this describes an application under study, then this may be an appropriate test method to use.6. Apparatus5.1 Vessel, suitable for holding the abrasive slurry and the wheel (see Fig. 1). One suitable vessel is made of 316-in. (5-mm) steel.NOTE 1“a” is the test specimen; “b” is the steel w
25、heel; “c” is the test slurry; “d” are agitating vanes. They can have a slight curve as shown or flat.They can be from 3 to 13 mm high, but must have a minimum clearance of 3 mm on a side between the vanes and the vessel. They can be staggeredso that the vanes on one side make an angle of 45 with the
26、 vanes on the other side. The mass producing the normal force is “e.”FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Abrasive Wear Resistance Apparatusof Test RigB611 132The internal dimensions are 834 in. (220 mm) high, 934 in. (245 mm) long, and 214 in. (60 mm) wide, with a 512-in. (140-mm)radius at the bottom.6.1 Wh
27、eel, General DescriptionmadeFig. 1 of annealed AISI 1020 steel, that rotates in the center of the vessel at 100 6 5rpm. The direction of rotation is from the slurry to the specimen. Four curved vanes are affixed to either side of the wheel to agitateand mix the slurry and to propel it toward the spe
28、cimen. The maximum wheel diameter shall be 6.65 in. (169 mm) and the widthshall be 0.500 6 0.005 in. (12.7 6 0.1 mm). The wheel shall be discarded when its diameter has decreased to 6.50 in. (165 mm)minimum, after repetitive use. In use, a slight burr will form at the periphery. This burr will compe
29、nsate for wheel wear bywidening the wear path in the specimen; it shall not be removed.is a schematic of the test rig. The test specimen (a) contacts a steelwheel (b) on its centerline; the water/grit slurry (c) is held in a slurry vessel; vanes, made from aluminum or steel (d) are on bothsides of t
30、he steel wheel agitate the slurry. The load (force) is applied by a mass (e) that is constant throughout the test; the slurrycan be replenished if needed (Note: slurry may splash out of uncovered machines) during the test, and the test duration and wheelrotational speed are fixed for the test.6.2 Ab
31、rading WheelThe wheel is made from AISI 1020 steel (80 to 95 HRB); the outside diameter is 169 6 0.1 mm whennew and the wheel shall be discarded when its diameter wears below 165 mm. A burr develops during use. It should not beremoved. The wheel is not dressed between uses. Four agitating vanes are
32、attached at 90 increments on both sides of the wheel.The vanes must have a minimum radial clearance of 3 mm with the test sample when the wheel penetrates the test specimen toproduce a wear scar (the vanes must not contact the specimen during testing). The wheel width is 12.7 6 0.1 mm.6.3 Test Speci
33、menThe test specimen dimensions are shown in Fig. 2 (from Test Method G65). It should have a surfaceroughness in the range of 0.1 to 1 m Ra on the test surfaces.6.4 Drive MotorA 1 hp motor with a gear reduction unit has been found suitable for use, but other motors (hydraulic or DCmotors, etc.) coul
34、d be used if they have the torque requirements to rotate the wheel with a 200 N “braking” force applied to theoutside diameter. The wheel can be directly mounted to the drive or it can be mounted on a spindle which is driven by a motor.Whatever the mechanism, the radial runout of the wheel shall be
35、less than 60.01 mm and widthwise runout shall be less than60.05 mm. The motor speed shall be controlled to the specified rpm 62 rpm.6.5 Specimen Holder, Holderto be pressed against the periphery of the wheel. This specimen holder shall be mounted so thatnot more than 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) of side play
36、 occurs at the line of contact between the specimen and the wheel. The specimenholder shall be so placed that the specimen is tangential to the wheel at the center line of the wheel and specimen. A 10-kg weightshall be attached to the other end of the specimen holder lever arm. With a lever advantag
37、e of two-to-one, a force of 20 kg is thusapplied to the specimen at the line of contact.The centerline of the pivoting specimen holder should be aligned with the tangentpoint of the system with a new wheel. The sideways movement of the holder should be less than 0.2 mm and it should be designedto pl
38、ace the wear scar in the center of the test specimen. Subsized test specimens can be held in special holders that allow the flatface of the test specimen full wheel contact. If the wear scar runs into the holding device, the test specimen should be consideredinadequate in size for testing with the s
39、tandard procedure.6.6 Slurry VesselThe internal dimensions of the vessel that contains the slurry are shown in Fig. 3. The vessel can be madefrom metals or plastic and corrosion-resistant materials are preferred. The slurry must be replaced for every test so a drain or otherway of removing the slurr
40、y is advisable.6. Test Specimen6.1 The specimen shall be at least 316 in. (5 mm) thick and have a surface area large enough so that the wear will be confinedwithin its edges. The specimen may be as large as the specimen holder of the apparatus will permit. Dimensional tolerances arenot important, bu
41、t the specimen shall be flat within a maximum of 0.004 in./in. (mm/mm). Surface finish of the specimen is notimportant, except that ground blanks shall be cleaned with a suitable solvent to remove all oils or waxes, and unground blanks shallbe grit blasted to remove all adhering foreign particles.7.
42、 Procedure7.1 Specimen PreparationThe test surface of the test specimen should be flat and not contain errors of form (ridges, waves,bumps, etc.) greater than 2.0 m. A test specimen can be tested on the front and backside as long as the holder references thespecimen from the unworn surface.7.2 Speci
43、men CleaningTest specimens should be degreased with a solvent that does not attack the test surface or leave a film.Ultrasonic cleaning for a time from 30 to 90 s in acetone has been found to be adequate for most metals and cermets.7.3 Specimen WeighingWeigh the specimen on an analytical balance to
44、the nearest 0.0001 g.test specimen to 60.001 g threetimes and take the average weight as the starting weight. Ferrous materials should be demagnetized before testing.7.2 Determine the density in accordance with Test Method B311.7.3 Place the specimen in a specimen holder and fasten rigidly with set
45、screws and pressure plates.7.4 Insert the specimen holder into the abrasion wear test machine.B611 133NOTE 1Test specimen surface “a” must be flat within 0.01 mm and parallel with surface “b” within 0.01 mm. The surface roughness of the testsurface/surfaces shall be less than 1 m Ra. All dimensions
46、are in millimetres.FIG. 2 Test Specimen DimensionsB611 1347.4 Specimen MountingRelease the 10-kg weight, causing the load to be applied to the specimen that is bearing Affix thespecimen in the loading arm without touching the test surface. The centerline of the test specimen should be in line with t
47、hecenterline of the wheel.Apply the testing normal force by placing a mass on the specimen arm such that it develops a 200 N forcepushing the test specimen against the wheel.7.6 Plug the drain at the bottom of the vessel.7.5 Slurry PreparationPour aluminum oxide grit, 30 mesh, the 30-grit abrasive i
48、nto the vessel to within 1 in. (25 mm) of thecenter of the wheel. If a different abrasive is used it should be so noted in the report. Add water to the aluminum oxide in theproportion of 1 cmslurry vessel with the test specimen in place and loaded against the wheel. The level of the grit should be 2
49、5to 30 mm below the wheel centerline. Determine the weight of grit used to fill the vessel by pouring the grit from a container thatis weighed, reweighed when filled, and reweighed again after filling. The slurry is to have an abrasive/water ratio of 4 g of gritfor every millilitre of water. For example, if it took 100 g of abrasive to fill the hopper to the required level (25/30 mm belowcenterline) then 25 ml of water must be added. Distilled water should be added to the vessel as wheel rotation commences.Afreshslurry3 /4 g of grit.is required
