1、Designation: B748 90 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forMeasurement of Thickness of Metallic Coatings byMeasurement of Cross Section with a Scanning ElectronMicroscope1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B748; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of metalliccoatin
3、g thicknesses by examination of a cross section with ascanning electron microsope (SEM).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associa
4、ted with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic SpecimensE766 Pra
5、ctice for Calibrating the Magnification of a Scan-ning Electron Microscope3. Summary of Test Method3.1 A test specimen is cut, ground, and polished for metal-lographic examination by an SEM of a cross section of thecoating. The measurement is made on a conventional micro-graph or on a photograph of
6、the video waveform signal for asingle scan across the coating.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is useful for the direct measurement ofthe thicknesses of metallic coatings and of individual layers ofcomposite coatings, particularly for layers thinner than nor-mally measured with the light
7、microscope.4.2 This test method is suitable for acceptance testing.4.3 This test method is for the measurement of the thicknessof the coating over a very small area and not of the average orminimum thickness per se.4.4 Accurate measurements by this test method generallyrequire very careful sample pr
8、eparation, especially at thegreater magnifications.4.5 The coating thickness is an important factor in theperformance of a coating in service.5. Equipment5.1 The scanning electron microscope shall have a resolu-tion of at least 50 nm. Suitable instruments are availablecommercially.6. Factors Affecti
9、ng the Measurement Reliability6.1 Surface RoughnessIf the coating or its substrate isrough relative to the coating thickness, one or both of theinterfaces bounding the coating cross section may be tooirregular to permit accurate measurement of the averagethickness in the field of view.6.2 Taper of C
10、ross SectionIf the plane of the cross sectionis not perpendicular to the plane of the coating, the measuredthickness will be greater than the true thickness. For example,an inclination of 10 to the perpendicular will contribute a1.5 % error. True thickness, (t), equals measured thickness,(tm), multi
11、plied by the cosine of the angle of inclination ():t=tm cos(). (See X1.3.2.)6.3 Specimen TiltAny tilt of the specimen (plane of thecross section) with respect to the SEM beam, may result in anerroneous measurement. The instrument should always be setfor zero tilt.6.4 Oblique MeasurementIf the thickn
12、ess measurement isnot perpendicular to the plane of the coating, even when thereis no taper (6.2) or tilt (6.3), the measured value will be greaterthan the true thickness. This consideration applies to theconventional micrograph (9.3.1) and to the direction of thesingle video waveform scans (9.3.2).
13、1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee B08 on Metallicand Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.10 onTest Methods.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2010
14、 as B748 90 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/B0748-90R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM In
15、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.5 Deformation of CoatingDetrimental deformation ofthe coating can be caused by excessive temperature or pressureduring the mounting and preparation of cross sections of softcoatings.6.6 Rounding of Edg
16、e of CoatingIf the edge of the coatingcross section is rounded, that is, if the coating cross section isnot completely flat up to its edges, the observed thickness maydiffer from the true thickness. Edge rounding can be caused byimproper mounting, grinding, polishing, or etching.6.7 Overplating of S
17、pecimenOverplating of the test speci-men serves to protect the coating edges during preparation ofcross sections and thus to prevent an erroneous measurement.Removal of coating material during surface preparation foroverplating can cause a low thickness measurement.6.8 EtchingOptimum etching will pr
18、oduce a clearly de-fined and narrow dark line at the interface of two metals. Awide or poorly defined line can result in an inaccuratemeasurement.6.9 SmearingPolishing may leave smeared metal thatobscures the true boundary between the two metals and resultsin an inaccurate measurement. This may occu
19、r with soft metalslike lead, indium, and gold. To help identify whether or notthere is smearing, repeat the polishing, etching, and measure-ment several times. Any significant variations in readingsindicates possible smearing.6.10 Poor ContrastThe visual contrast between metals inthe SEM is poor whe
20、n their atomic numbers are close together.For example, bright and semibright nickel layers may not bediscriminable unless their common boundary can be broughtout sufficiently by appropriate etching and SEM techniques.For some metal combinations, energy dispersive X-ray tech-niques (see X1.4.5) or ba
21、ckscatter image techniques (seeX1.4.6) may be helpful.6.11 Magnification:6.11.1 For any given coating thickness, measurement errorstend to increase with decreasing magnification. If practical, themagnification should be chosen so that the field of view isbetween 1.5 and 3 the coating thickness.6.11.
22、2 The magnification readout of an SEM is often poorerthan the 5 % accuracy often quoted and the magnification hasbeen found for some instruments to vary by 25 % across thefield. Magnification errors are minimized by appropriate use ofan SEM stage micrometer and appropriate experimental pro-cedure (s
23、ee Practice E766).6.12 Uniformity of MagnificationBecause the magnifica-tion may not be uniform over the entire field, errors can occurif both the calibration and the measurement are not made overthe same portion of the field. This can be very important.6.13 Stability of Magnification :6.13.1 The ma
24、gnification of an SEM often changes or driftswith time. This effect is minimized by mounting the stagemicrometer and test specimen side by side on the SEM stage soas to keep the transfer time short.6.13.2 A change in magnification can occur when adjust-ments are made with the focusing and other elec
25、tronic SEMcontrols. Such a change is prevented by not using the electronicfocus controls or other electronic SEM controls after photo-graphing the stage micrometer scale except to focus with themechanical X, Y, and Z controls. Appropriate manipulation ofthe X, Y, and Z controls will bring the specim
26、en surface to thefocal point of the SEM beam.6.14 Stability of MicrographsDimensional changes ofmicrographs can take place with time and with temperature andhumidity changes. If the calibration micrograph of the stagemicrometer scale and the micrograph of the test specimen arekept together and time
27、is allowed for stabilization of thephotographic paper, errors from this source will be minimized.7. Preparations of Cross Sections7.1 Prepare, mount, grind, polish, and etch the test specimenso that the following occurs:7.1.1 The cross section is perpendicular to the plane of thecoating,7.1.2 The su
28、rface is flat and the entire width of the coatingimage is simultaneously in focus at the magnification to beused for the measurement,7.1.3 All material deformed by cutting or cross sectioning isremoved,7.1.4 The boundaries of the coating cross section are sharplydefined by contrasting appearance, or
29、 by a narrow, well-definedline, and7.1.5 If the video waveform signal is to be measured, thesignal trace is flat except across the two boundaries of thecoating.7.2 For further guidance see Appendix X1.8. Calibration of Magnification8.1 Calibrate the SEM with an SEM stage micrometer anddetermine the
30、magnification factor, M, in accordance withPractice E766 (see X1.4.2). Other calibration methods may beused if it can be demonstrated that they are sufficiently accuratefor meeting the requirement of Section 12.8.2 If practical, the stage micrometer and the test specimenshall be mounted side by side
31、 on the SEM stage.9. Procedure9.1 Operate the SEM in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions.9.2 Take into account the factors listed in Sections 6 and 12.9.3 Make a micrograph of the test specimen under the sameconditions and instrument settings as used for the calibrationand make an appropri
32、ate measurement of the micrographimage. Carry out this step in accordance with 9.3.1 or 9.3.2.9.3.1 Conventional Micrograph:9.3.1.1 With the boundaries of the coating clearly andsharply defined, make conventional micrographs of the SEMstage micrometer scale and of the test specimen.9.3.1.2 Measure t
33、he micrographs to at least the nearest 0.1mm using a diffraction plate reader or equivalent device. If thisis not practical, it may be because poor sample preparation iscausing the boundaries of the coating to be poorly defined.9.3.2 Video Waveform Signal:B748 90 (2016)29.3.2.1 Photograph the video
34、waveform signal for a singlescan across the coating cross section and across the SEM stagemicrometer scale.9.3.2.2 To measure the coating, measure the horizontaldistance between the inflection points of the vertical portions ofthe scan at the boundaries of the coating. Make the measure-ments to the
35、nearest 0.1 mm using a diffraction plate reader orequivalent device.9.3.3 For further guidance see Appendix X1.10. Calculation and Expression of Results10.1 Calculate the thickness according to the expression:T 5 1000 3 d/M (1)where:T = coating thickness, in m,d = linear distance on micrograph, in m
36、m, andM = magnification factor as defined in Practice E766.11. Report11.1 The report of the measurements shall give the follow-ing information:11.1.1 Date measurements were made,11.1.2 The title, number, and year of issue of this testmethod,11.1.3 Identification of the test specimen(s),11.1.4 Locati
37、on of measurement on test specimen(s),11.1.5 The measured values and their arithmetic mean,11.1.6 The calibrated magnification as measured with anSEM micrometer scale immediately before the test specimenmeasurements,11.1.7 Type of measurement: conventional micrograph orvideo waveform signal,11.1.8 A
38、ny unusual feature of the measurement that mightaffect the results, and11.1.9 Name of individual responsible for the measure-ments.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The instrument, its operation, and its calibration shallbe such that the uncertainty of the measurements shall be lessthan 0.1 m or 10 %, whic
39、hever is larger.12.2 For a thin gold coating, one laboratory reported mea-surement uncertainty of 0.039 m for the SEM stage microm-eter scale, 0.02 m for the measurement of the calibrationmicrographs, and 0.02 m for measurement of the videowaveform signal scan. Based on practical experience, a repea
40、t-ability of 0.1 m or better may be assumed.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. TECHNIQUES OF SPECIMEN PREPARATION AND USE OF THE SEMX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 The preparation of specimens and measurement ofcoating thickness are greatly dependent on individual tech-niques and there is a variety of su
41、itable techniques available(see Guide E3). It is not reasonable to specify only one set oftechniques, and it is impractical to include all suitable tech-niques. The techniques described in this appendix are intendedas guidance.X1.2 MountingX1.2.1 To prevent rounding of the edge of the coating crosss
42、ection, the free surface of the coating should be supported sothat there is no space between the coating and its support. Thisis usually achieved by overplating the coating with a coating atleast 10 m thick of a metal of similar hardness to the coating.The overplate should also give an electron sign
43、al intensitydifferent from that of the coating. The mounting material orsample surface must be electrically conducting and groundedto prevent a surface charge buildup in the SEM.X1.3 Grinding and PolishingX1.3.1 It is essential to keep the cross section surface of themount perpendicular to the coati
44、ng. This is facilitated byincorporating additional pieces of a similar metal in the plasticmounting, near the outer edges, by periodically changing thedirection of grinding (rotating through 90 and by keeping thegrind time and pressure to a minimum). If, before grinding,reference marks are inscribed
45、 on the sides of the mount, anyinclination from horizontal is easily measurable. Grind themounted specimens on suitable abrasive paper, using anacceptable lubricant, such as water, and apply minimumpressure to avoid bevelling the surface. Initial grinding shouldemploy 100 or 180 grade abrasive to re
46、veal the true specimenprofile and to remove any deformed metal. Subsequently, useGrades 240, 320, 500, and 600 without exceeding grindingtimes of 30 to 40 s on each paper; alter the direction ofscratches by 90 for each change of paper. Then polishsuccessively with 6 to 9, 1, and 0.5-m diamond on mic
47、rocloth.Some metallographers prefer the use of 0.3- and 0.05-malumina.X1.3.2 A convenient way to check for tapering of the crosssection is to mount a small diameter rod or wire with thespecimen so that the perpendicular cross section of the rod isparallel to that of the coating. If a taper is presen
48、t, the crosssection of the rod will be elliptical.X1.3.3 If the video waveform signal scan technique is used,it is important that scratches be completely removed and thatoverpolishing does not selectively remove one of the metalsB748 90 (2016)3more than the other so that the signal scan is distorted
49、. Withcareful polishing, it is often unnecessary to use chemicaletches.X1.4 Use of SEMX1.4.1 If the image of the cross section, as revealed in aconventional micrograph, is measured; and if the boundaries ofthe coating cross section are revealed solely by the photo-graphed contrast between the two materials; the apparent widthof the coating cross section can vary, depending on the contrastand brightness settings. The variation can be as great as 10 %without any change in instrument magnification. To minimizethe resulting uncertainty, adjust the contrast
