1、Designation: B 828 02Standard Practice forMaking Capillary Joints by Soldering of Copper and CopperAlloy Tube and Fittings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 828; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope *1.1 This practice describes a procedure for making capillaryjoints by soldering of copper and copper alloy t
3、ube and fittings.1.2 This procedure is applicable to pressurized systems suchas plumbing, heating, air conditioning, refrigeration, mechani-cal, fire sprinkler, and other similar systems. ASME B31.5 andB31.9 reference the techniques used for satisfactory jointpreparation. It is also used in the asse
4、mbly of nonpressurizedsystems such as drainage, waste, and vent.1.3 It is not applicable to the assembly of electrical orelectronic systems.1.4 Tube and fittings are manufactured within certain toler-ances to provide for the small variations in dimensionsassociated with manufacturing practice. Appli
5、cable specifica-tions are listed in Appendix X1.1.5 A variety of solders are available that will producesound, leak-tight joints. Choice of solder will depend upon thetype of application and on local codes. For potable watersystems, only lead-free solders shall be used, some of whichare described in
6、 Specification B 32.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation purposes only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the u
7、ser of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard state-ments, see the warning statements in 6.4.1, 6.6.1, and 6.6.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:B 32 Specification for Solder Me
8、tal2B 68 Specification for Seamless Copper Tube, Bright An-nealed3B 68M Specification for Seamless Copper Tube, BrightAnnealed Metric3B 75 Specification for Seamless Copper Tube3B 75M Specification for Seamless Copper Tube Metric3B 88 Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube3B 88M Specification
9、for Seamless Copper Water TubeMetric3B 280 Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for AirConditioning and Refrigeration Field Service3B 306 Specification for Copper Drainage Tube (DWV)3B 447 Specification for Welded Copper Tube3B 640 Specification for Welded Copper and Copper AlloyTube for Air Condi
10、tioning and Refrigeration Service3B 641 Specification for Seamless and Welded Copper Dis-tribution Tube (Type D)4B 716 Specification for Welded Copper Water Tube5B 716M Specification for Welded Copper Water Tube Met-ric5B 813 Specification for Liquid and Paste Fluxes for Solder-ing Applications of C
11、opper and Copper Alloy Tube3B 846 Terminology for Copper and Copper Alloys32.2 Other Documents:ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping6ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping6ASME B16.18 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint PressureFittings6ASME B16.22 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy SolderJoint Pressure Fittings6ASM
12、E B16.23 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint DrainageFittingsDWV6ASME B16.29 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy SolderJoint Drainage FittingsDWV6ANSI/ASC Z49.1 Safety in Welding and Cutting73. Terminology3.1 For terms related to copper and copper alloys, refer toTerminology B 846 for terms specific to this
13、practice.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B05 on Copper andCopper Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B05.04 on Pipe andTube.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published November 2002. Originallyapproved as B 828 92. Last previous edition B 828 00.2
14、Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.04.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01.4Discontinuedsee 1996 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01.5Discontinuedsee 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01.6Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquar
15、ters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990.7Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
16、cken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 Definition:3.2.1 solderinga group of joining processes that producecoalescence of materials by heating them to the solderingtemperature and by using a filler metal (solder) having aliquidus not exceeding 840F (450C) and below the solidus ofthe base metals.83.2.
17、1.1 DiscussionIn actual practice, most soldering isdone at temperatures from about 350 to 660F (177 to 349C).4. Summary of Practice4.1 To consistently make satisfactory joints, the followingsequence of joint preparation and operations shall be followed:(1) measuring and cutting,(2) reaming,(3) clean
18、ing,(4) fluxing,(5) assembly and support,(6) heating,(7) applying the solder, and(8) cooling and cleaning.5. Significance and Use5.1 The techniques described herein are used to produceleak-tight soldered joints between copper and copper alloy tubeand fittings, either in shop operations or in the fie
19、ld. Skill andknowledge on the part of the operator or mechanic are requiredto obtain a satisfactorily soldered joint.6. Procedure6.1 Measuring and Cutting:6.1.1 Accurately measure the length of each tube segment(Fig. 1) to ensure joint quality. If the tube is too short, it will notreach all the way
20、into the cup of the fitting and a proper jointcannot be made. If the tube segment is too long, the possibilityexists that system strain that negatively affects service life willbe introduced.6.1.2 Cut the tube to the measured lengths using tools thatprovide a square cut, for example, a disk-type tub
21、e cutter (Fig.2), a hacksaw, an abrasive wheel, or with a stationary orportable band saw. Avoid deforming the tube during cutting.Regardless of method, the cut shall be made square with therun of the tube, so that the tube will seat properly in the fittingcup.6.2 Reaming:6.2.1 Ream all cut tube ends
22、 to the full inside diameter ofthe tube to remove the small burr created by the cuttingoperation. Failure to remove this rough edge by reaming is aleading cause of erosion-corrosion that occurs as a result oflocal turbulence and increased local flow velocity in the tube.A properly reamed piece of tu
23、be provides a smooth surface forbetter flow.6.2.2 Remove any burrs on the outside of the tube endscreated by the cutting operation to ensure proper entrance ofthe tube into the fitting cup.6.2.3 Tools used to ream tube ends include the reamingblade on the tube cutter, half-round or round files (Fig.
24、 3), apocket knife (Fig. 4), and a suitable deburring tool (Fig. 5).With soft (annealed) tube, care must be taken not to deform thetube end by applying too much pressure.6.2.4 Soft temper tube, if deformed, shall be brought back toits proper roundness and dimensions with a sizing tool. Thistool cons
25、ists of a plug and sizing ring.6.3 Cleaning:6.3.1 Clean all oxides and surface soil from the tube endsand fitting cups. The removal of all oxides and surface soil iscrucial to proper flow of solder metal into the joint. Unremovedoxides, surface soil, and oils will interfere with capillaryaction, les
26、sen the strength of the joint, and cause failure.6.3.2 Lightly abrade the tube ends using sand cloth (Fig. 6)or nylon abrasive pads (Fig. 7) for a distance slightly more thanthe depth of the fitting cups.6.3.3 Clean the fitting cups by using abrasive cloth, abrasivepads (Fig. 8), or a properly sized
27、 fitting brush (Fig. 9).6.3.4 The capillary space between tube and fitting is ap-proximately 0.004 in. (0.1 mm). Solder metal fills this gap bycapillary action. This spacing is critical for the solder metal to8American Welding Society Welding Handbook, Welding Processes, 8th ed., Vol2, American Weld
28、ing Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Rd., Miami, FL 33126.FIG. 1 Measuring FIG. 2 CuttingB828022flow into the gap and form a strong joint. Copper is a relativelysoft metal. Removal of too much material from the tube end orfitting cup will result in a loose fit and interfere with satisfac-tory capillary act
29、ion in making the joint.6.3.5 If chemical cleaning is used, the tube ends and fittingsshall be thoroughly rinsed after cleaning in accordance with therecommended procedure furnished by the manufacturer of theFIG. 3 Reaming: FileFIG. 4 Reaming: Pocket KnifeFIG. 5 Reaming: Deburring ToolFIG. 6 Cleanin
30、g: Sand ClothFIG. 7 Cleaning: Abrasive PadFIG. 8 Cleaning: Abrasive PadB828023cleaner. Do not touch the cleaned surface with bare hands oroily gloves. Skin oils, lubricating oils, and grease impair soldermetal.6.4 Applying Flux:6.4.1 Use a flux that will dissolve and remove traces ofoxide from the c
31、leaned surfaces to be joined, protect thecleaned surfaces from reoxidation during heating, and promotewetting of the surfaces by the solder metal, as recommended inthe general requirements of Specification B 813. Apply a thineven coating of flux with a brush to both tube and fitting assoon as possib
32、le after cleaning (Figs. 10 and 11).(WarningDo not apply with fingers. Chemicals in the fluxare potentially harmful if carried to the eyes or open cuts.)6.4.2 Use care in applying flux. Flux residue inside the tubehas been known to cause corrosion and perforation of the tubeand/or fitting wall long
33、after the system has been installed.6.5 Assembly and Support:6.5.1 Insert tube end into fitting cup, making sure that thetube seats against the base of the fitting cup (Fig. 12). A slighttwisting motion ensures even coverage by the flux. Removeexcess flux from the exterior of the joint with a cotton
34、 rag (Fig.13).6.5.2 Support the tube and fitting assembly to ensure auniform capillary space around the entire circumference of thejoint. Uniformity of capillary space will ensure good moltensolder metal capillary flow (Fig. 14). Susceptibility to solderFIG. 9 Cleaning: Fitting BrushFIG. 10 Fluxing:
35、 TubeFIG. 11 Fluxing: FittingFIG. 12 AssemblyFIG. 13 Removing Excess FluxB828024metal cracking under conditions of stress or vibration isincreased in joints with excessive joint clearance.6.5.3 The joint is now ready for soldering. Joints preparedand ready for soldering shall be completed the same d
36、ay andnot left unfinished overnight.6.6 Heating:6.6.1 (WarningWhen dealing with an open flame, hightemperatures and flammable gases, safety precautions must beobserved as described in ANSI/AWS Z49.1.) Begin heatingwith the flame perpendicular to the tube (Fig. 15). The coppertube conducts the initia
37、l heat into the fitting cup for evendistribution of heat in the joint area. The extent of thispreheating depends upon the size of the joint. Experience willindicate the amount of time needed.6.6.2 Next, move the flame onto the fitting cup (Fig. 16).6.6.3 Then alternate the flame from the fitting cup
38、 back ontothe tube a distance equal to the depth of the fitting cup. Withthe torch at the base of the fitting cup touch the solder to thejoint. If the solder does not melt, remove it and continue theheating process. (WarningCare must be taken not to over-heat the joint or to direct the flame into th
39、e face of the fittingcup. Overheating the flux will destroy its effectiveness and notallow the solder to enter the joint properly.)6.6.4 When the melting temperature of the solder has beenreached, apply heat to the base of the cup to aid capillary actionin drawing the molten solder into the cup towa
40、rds the heatsource.6.6.5 Heat is generally applied using an air/fuel torch (Fig.17). Such torches use acetylene or liquefied petroleum (LP)gas. Electric resistance soldering tools (Fig. 18), which useheating electrodes are an alternative when use of an open flameis a concern (see 6.6.1).6.7 Applying
41、 Solder:6.7.1 For joints in a horizontal position, start applying thesolder metal slightly off-center at the bottom of the joint (Figs.19 and 20). Proceed across the bottom of the fitting and up tothe top center position. Return to the point of beginning,overlap the starting point, and then proceed
42、up the incompletedside to the top, again, overlapping the solder metal.6.7.2 For joints in the vertical position, make a similarsequence of overlapping passes starting wherever it is conve-nient.FIG. 14 Desirable Joint ConfigurationFIG. 15 Preheating: TubeFIG. 16 Preheating: FittingFIG. 17 Heating:
43、Air/Fuel TorchB8280256.7.3 Solder joints depend on capillary action drawingfree-flowing molten solder into the narrow clearance betweenthe fitting and the tube. Molten solder metal is drawn into thejoint by capillary action regardless of whether the solder metalis being fed upward, downward, or hori
44、zontally.6.7.4 Flux, applied first, acts as a cleaning and wetting agentand, when properly applied, permits uniform spreading of themolten solder over the surfaces to be joined. Capillary action ismost effective when the space between the surfaces to bejoined is between 0.002 and 0.005 in. (0.05 to
45、0.125 mm).6.8 Cooling and Cleaning:6.8.1 Allow the completed joint to cool naturally. Shockcooling with water will cause unnecessary stress on the joint.When cool, clean off any remaining flux residue with a wet rag(Fig. 21).7. Testing7.1 Test all completed assemblies for joint integrity. Followtest
46、ing procedure prescribed by applicable codes governing theintended service.8. Keywords8.1 assembly; capillary; cleaning; cooling; copper; corrosiv-ity; fittings; flux; heating; reaming; solderingFIG. 18 Electric Resistance Hand Tools Suitable for SolderingCopper TubeFIG. 19 SolderingFIG. 20 Schemati
47、c of Solder Joint in Horizontal PositionFIG. 21 CleaningB828026APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. TUBE AND FITTINGS DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCESX1.1 For dimensions and tolerances for tube and fittings forplumbing, heating, air conditioning, refrigeration, mechanical,fire sprinkler and drainage, wast
48、e and vent systems, refer to thespecifications listed in Table X1.1 and Table X1.2.TABLE X1.1 Tube SpecificationsASTM Specifications Size Range ApplicationB6813210 in., incl General engineeringB 68M 0.8250 mm, incl General engineeringB7513210 in., incl General engineeringB 75M 0.8250 mm, incl Genera
49、l engineeringB881412 in., incl General plumbing/waterB 88M 6308 mm, incl General plumbing/waterB 28018418 in., incl Air conditioning and refrigerationB 306 1148 in., incl Drainage, waste and ventB 44714312 in., incl General engineeringB 64018418 in., incl Air conditioning and refrigerationB 641143 in., incl General engineeringB 7161412 in., incl General plumbing/waterB 716M 6308 mm, incl General plumbing/waterTABLE X1.2 Fitting SpecificationsASME/ANSI Size Range ApplicationB16.181412 in., incl General plumbing/waterB16.22188 in., i
