1、Designation: B828 02 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Practice forMaking Capillary Joints by Soldering of Copper and CopperAlloy Tube and Fittings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B828; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice describes a procedure for making capillaryjoints by soldering of copper and
3、copper alloy tube and fittings.1.2 This procedure is applicable to pressurized systems suchas plumbing, heating, air conditioning, refrigeration, mechani-cal, fire sprinkler, and other similar systems. ASME B31.5 andB31.9 reference the techniques used for satisfactory jointpreparation. It is also us
4、ed in the assembly of nonpressurizedsystems such as drainage, waste, and vent.1.3 It is not applicable to the assembly of electrical orelectronic systems.1.4 Tube and fittings are manufactured within certain toler-ances to provide for the small variations in dimensionsassociated with manufacturing p
5、ractice. Applicable specifica-tions are listed in Appendix X1.1.5 A variety of solders are available that will producesound, leak-tight joints. Choice of solder will depend upon thetype of application and on local codes. For potable watersystems, only lead-free solders shall be used, some of whichar
6、e described in Specification B32.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of
7、 thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard state-ments, see the warning statements in 6.4.1, 6.6.1
8、, and 6.6.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B32 Specification for Solder MetalB68 Specification for Seamless Copper Tube, Bright An-nealedB68M Specification for Seamless Copper Tube, BrightAnnealed (Metric)B75 Specification for Seamless Copper TubeB75M Specification for Seamless Copper Tu
9、be (Metric)B88 Specification for Seamless Copper Water TubeB88M Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube (Met-ric)B280 Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Air Con-ditioning and Refrigeration Field ServiceB306 Specification for Copper Drainage Tube (DWV)B447 Specification for Welded Copper
10、 TubeB640 Specification for Welded Copper Tube for Air Condi-tioning and Refrigeration ServiceB641 Specification for Seamless and Welded Copper Dis-tribution Tube (Type D)B716 Specification for Welded Copper Water TubeB716M Specification for Welded Copper Water Tube Met-ricB813 Specification for Liq
11、uid and Paste Fluxes for Solder-ing of Copper and Copper Alloy TubeB846 Terminology for Copper and Copper Alloys2.2 Other Documents:ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping3ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping3ASME B16.18 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint PressureFittings3ASME B16.22 Wrought Copper and Copper Al
12、loy SolderJoint Pressure Fittings3ASME B16.23 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint DrainageFittingsDWV3ASME B16.29 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy SolderJoint Drainage FittingsDWV3ANSI/ASC Z49.1 Safety in Welding and Cutting41This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B05 on Copper andCoppe
13、r Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B05.04 on Pipe andTube.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originallyapproved as B828 92. Last previous edition B828 02. DOI: 10.1520/B0828-02R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org
14、, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10
15、016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
16、hocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 For terms related to copper and copper alloys, refer toTerminology B846 for terms specific to this practice.3.2 Definition:3.2.1 solderinga group of joining processes that producecoalescence of materials by heating them to the solderingtemperatu
17、re and by using a filler metal (solder) having aliquidus not exceeding 840F (450C) and below the solidus ofthe base metals.53.2.1.1 DiscussionIn actual practice, most soldering isdone at temperatures from about 350 to 660F (177 to 349C).4. Summary of Practice4.1 To consistently make satisfactory joi
18、nts, the followingsequence of joint preparation and operations shall be followed:(1) measuring and cutting,(2) reaming,(3) cleaning,(4) fluxing,(5) assembly and support,(6) heating,(7) applying the solder, and(8) cooling and cleaning.5. Significance and Use5.1 The techniques described herein are use
19、d to produceleak-tight soldered joints between copper and copper alloy tubeand fittings, either in shop operations or in the field. Skill andknowledge on the part of the operator or mechanic are requiredto obtain a satisfactorily soldered joint.6. Procedure6.1 Measuring and Cutting:6.1.1 Accurately
20、measure the length of each tube segment(Fig. 1) to ensure joint quality. If the tube is too short, it will notreach all the way into the cup of the fitting and a proper jointcannot be made. If the tube segment is too long, the possibilityexists that system strain that negatively affects service life
21、 willbe introduced.6.1.2 Cut the tube to the measured lengths using tools thatprovide a square cut, for example, a disk-type tube cutter (Fig.2), a hacksaw, an abrasive wheel, or with a stationary orportable band saw. Avoid deforming the tube during cutting.Regardless of method, the cut shall be mad
22、e square with therun of the tube, so that the tube will seat properly in the fittingcup.6.2 Reaming:6.2.1 Ream all cut tube ends to the full inside diameter ofthe tube to remove the small burr created by the cuttingoperation. Failure to remove this rough edge by reaming is aleading cause of erosion-
23、corrosion that occurs as a result oflocal turbulence and increased local flow velocity in the tube.A properly reamed piece of tube provides a smooth surface forbetter flow.6.2.2 Remove any burrs on the outside of the tube endscreated by the cutting operation to ensure proper entrance ofthe tube into
24、 the fitting cup.6.2.3 Tools used to ream tube ends include the reamingblade on the tube cutter, half-round or round files (Fig. 3), apocket knife (Fig. 4), and a suitable deburring tool (Fig. 5).With soft (annealed) tube, care must be taken not to deform thetube end by applying too much pressure.6.
25、2.4 Soft temper tube, if deformed, shall be brought back toits proper roundness and dimensions with a sizing tool. Thistool consists of a plug and sizing ring.6.3 Cleaning:6.3.1 Clean all oxides and surface soil from the tube endsand fitting cups. The removal of all oxides and surface soil iscrucial
26、 to proper flow of solder metal into the joint. Unremovedoxides, surface soil, and oils will interfere with capillaryaction, lessen the strength of the joint, and cause failure.6.3.2 Lightly abrade the tube ends using sand cloth (Fig. 6)or nylon abrasive pads (Fig. 7) for a distance slightly more th
27、anthe depth of the fitting cups.6.3.3 Clean the fitting cups by using abrasive cloth, abrasivepads (Fig. 8), or a properly sized fitting brush (Fig. 9).5American Welding Society Welding Handbook, Welding Processes, 8th ed., Vol2, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Rd., Miami, FL 33126.FIG. 1
28、 Measuring FIG. 2 CuttingB828 02 (2010)26.3.4 The capillary space between tube and fitting is ap-proximately 0.004 in. (0.1 mm). Solder metal fills this gap bycapillary action. This spacing is critical for the solder metal toflow into the gap and form a strong joint. Copper is a relativelysoft metal
29、. Removal of too much material from the tube end orfitting cup will result in a loose fit and interfere with satisfac-tory capillary action in making the joint.6.3.5 If chemical cleaning is used, the tube ends and fittingsshall be thoroughly rinsed after cleaning in accordance with theFIG. 3 Reaming
30、: FileFIG. 4 Reaming: Pocket KnifeFIG. 5 Reaming: Deburring ToolFIG. 6 Cleaning: Sand ClothFIG. 7 Cleaning: Abrasive PadFIG. 8 Cleaning: Abrasive PadB828 02 (2010)3recommended procedure furnished by the manufacturer of thecleaner. Do not touch the cleaned surface with bare hands oroily gloves. Skin
31、oils, lubricating oils, and grease impair soldermetal.6.4 Applying Flux:6.4.1 Use a flux that will dissolve and remove traces ofoxide from the cleaned surfaces to be joined, protect thecleaned surfaces from reoxidation during heating, and promotewetting of the surfaces by the solder metal, as recomm
32、ended inthe general requirements of Specification B813. Apply a thineven coating of flux with a brush to both tube and fitting assoon as possible after cleaning (Figs. 10 and 11).(WarningDo not apply with fingers. Chemicals in the fluxare potentially harmful if carried to the eyes or open cuts.)6.4.
33、2 Use care in applying flux. Flux residue inside the tubehas been known to cause corrosion and perforation of the tubeand/or fitting wall long after the system has been installed.6.5 Assembly and Support:6.5.1 Insert tube end into fitting cup, making sure that thetube seats against the base of the f
34、itting cup (Fig. 12). A slighttwisting motion ensures even coverage by the flux. Removeexcess flux from the exterior of the joint with a cotton rag (Fig.13).6.5.2 Support the tube and fitting assembly to ensure auniform capillary space around the entire circumference of thejoint. Uniformity of capil
35、lary space will ensure good moltensolder metal capillary flow (Fig. 14). Susceptibility to solderFIG. 9 Cleaning: Fitting BrushFIG. 10 Fluxing: TubeFIG. 11 Fluxing: FittingFIG. 12 AssemblyFIG. 13 Removing Excess FluxB828 02 (2010)4metal cracking under conditions of stress or vibration isincreased in
36、 joints with excessive joint clearance.6.5.3 The joint is now ready for soldering. Joints preparedand ready for soldering shall be completed the same day andnot left unfinished overnight.6.6 Heating:6.6.1 (WarningWhen dealing with an open flame, hightemperatures and flammable gases, safety precautio
37、ns must beobserved as described in ANSI/AWS Z49.1.) Begin heatingwith the flame perpendicular to the tube (Fig. 15). The coppertube conducts the initial heat into the fitting cup for evendistribution of heat in the joint area. The extent of thispreheating depends upon the size of the joint. Experien
38、ce willindicate the amount of time needed.6.6.2 Next, move the flame onto the fitting cup (Fig. 16).6.6.3 Then alternate the flame from the fitting cup back ontothe tube a distance equal to the depth of the fitting cup. Withthe torch at the base of the fitting cup touch the solder to thejoint. If th
39、e solder does not melt, remove it and continue theheating process. (WarningCare must be taken not to over-heat the joint or to direct the flame into the face of the fittingcup. Overheating the flux will destroy its effectiveness and notallow the solder to enter the joint properly.)6.6.4 When the mel
40、ting temperature of the solder has beenreached, apply heat to the base of the cup to aid capillary actionin drawing the molten solder into the cup towards the heatsource.6.6.5 Heat is generally applied using an air/fuel torch (Fig.17). Such torches use acetylene or liquefied petroleum (LP)gas. Elect
41、ric resistance soldering tools (Fig. 18), which useheating electrodes are an alternative when use of an open flameis a concern (see 6.6.1).6.7 Applying Solder:6.7.1 For joints in a horizontal position, start applying thesolder metal slightly off-center at the bottom of the joint (Figs.19 and 20). Pr
42、oceed across the bottom of the fitting and up tothe top center position. Return to the point of beginning,overlap the starting point, and then proceed up the incompletedside to the top, again, overlapping the solder metal.6.7.2 For joints in the vertical position, make a similarsequence of overlappi
43、ng passes starting wherever it is conve-nient.FIG. 14 Desirable Joint ConfigurationFIG. 15 Preheating: TubeFIG. 16 Preheating: FittingFIG. 17 Heating: Air/Fuel TorchB828 02 (2010)56.7.3 Solder joints depend on capillary action drawingfree-flowing molten solder into the narrow clearance betweenthe fi
44、tting and the tube. Molten solder metal is drawn into thejoint by capillary action regardless of whether the solder metalis being fed upward, downward, or horizontally.6.7.4 Flux, applied first, acts as a cleaning and wetting agentand, when properly applied, permits uniform spreading of themolten so
45、lder over the surfaces to be joined. Capillary action ismost effective when the space between the surfaces to bejoined is between 0.002 and 0.005 in. (0.05 to 0.125 mm).6.8 Cooling and Cleaning:6.8.1 Allow the completed joint to cool naturally. Shockcooling with water will cause unnecessary stress o
46、n the joint.When cool, clean off any remaining flux residue with a wet rag(Fig. 21).7. Testing7.1 Test all completed assemblies for joint integrity. Followtesting procedure prescribed by applicable codes governing theintended service.8. Keywords8.1 assembly; capillary; cleaning; cooling; copper; cor
47、rosiv-ity; fittings; flux; heating; reaming; solderingFIG. 18 Electric Resistance Hand Tools Suitable for SolderingCopper TubeFIG. 19 SolderingFIG. 20 Schematic of Solder Joint in Horizontal PositionFIG. 21 CleaningB828 02 (2010)6APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. TUBE AND FITTINGS DIMENSIONS AND
48、 TOLERANCESX1.1 For dimensions and tolerances for tube and fittings forplumbing, heating, air conditioning, refrigeration, mechanical,fire sprinkler and drainage, waste and vent systems, refer to thespecifications listed in Table X1.1 and Table X1.2.TABLE X1.1 Tube SpecificationsASTM Specifications
49、Size Range ApplicationB68132 10 in., incl General engineeringB68M 0.8250 mm, incl General engineeringB75132 10 in., incl General engineeringB75M 0.8250 mm, incl General engineeringB8814 12 in., incl General plumbing/waterB88M 6308 mm, incl General plumbing/waterB28018 418 in., incl Air conditioning and refrigerationB306 114 8 in., incl Drainage, waste and ventB44714 312 in., incl General engineeringB64018 418 in., incl Air conditioning and refrigerationB64114 3 in., incl General engineeringB71614 12 in., incl General plumbing/waterB71
