1、Designation: B828 02 (Reapproved 2010)B828 16Standard Practice forMaking Capillary Joints by Soldering of Copper and CopperAlloy Tube and Fittings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B828; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice describes a procedure for making capillary joints by soldering of cop
3、per and copper alloy tube and fittings.1.2 This procedure is applicable to pressurized systems such as plumbing, heating, air conditioning, refrigeration, mechanical,fire sprinkler, and other similar systems. ASME B31.5 and B31.9 reference the techniques used for satisfactory joint preparation.It is
4、 also used in the assembly of nonpressurized systems such as drainage, waste, and vent.1.3 It is not applicable to the assembly of electrical or electronic systems.1.4 Tube and fittings are manufactured within certain tolerances to provide for the small variations in dimensions associatedwith manufa
5、cturing practice. Applicable specifications are listed in Appendix X1.1.5 A variety of solders are available that will produce sound, leak-tight joints. Choice of solder will depend upon the type ofapplication and on local codes. For potable water systems, only lead-free solders shall be used, some
6、of which are described inSpecification B32.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to ad
7、dress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see the warning statements in 6.4
8、.1, 6.6.1, and 6.6.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B32 Specification for Solder MetalB68B68/B68M Specification for Seamless Copper Tube, Bright AnnealedB68M Specification for Seamless Copper Tube, Bright Annealed (Metric) (Withdrawn 2011)3B75B75/B75M Specification for Seamless Copper Tu
9、beB75M Specification for Seamless Copper Tube (Metric)B88 Specification for Seamless Copper Water TubeB88M Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube (Metric)B280 Specification for Seamless Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Field ServiceB306 Specification for Copper Drainage Tube
10、(DWV)B447 Specification for Welded Copper TubeB640 Specification for Welded Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration ServiceB641 Specification for Seamless and Welded Copper Distribution Tube (Type D) (Withdrawn 1996)3B716 Specification for Welded Copper Water Tube (Withdrawn 1994)3B716M S
11、pecification for Welded Copper Water Tube (Metric) (Withdrawn 1994)3B813 Specification for Liquid and Paste Fluxes for Soldering of Copper and Copper Alloy TubeB846 Terminology for Copper and Copper Alloys1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee B05 on Copper and CopperAlloys and i
12、s the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B05.04 on Pipe and Tube.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010June 1, 2016. Published December 2010June 2016. Originally approved asin B828 92.1992. Last previous edition approved in 2010as B828 02.B828 02 (2010). DOI: 10.1520/B0828-02R10.10.1520/B0828-16.2
13、 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is ref
14、erenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that
15、 users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
16、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 OtherASME Documents:4ASME B31.5 Refrigeration PipingASME B31.9 Building Services PipingASME B16.18 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure FittingsASME B16.22 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure FittingsASME B16.23 Cast Copper Alloy Sold
17、er Joint Drainage FittingsDWVASME B16.29 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage FittingsDWVANSI/ASC Z49.1 Safety in Welding and Cutting52.3 ANSI Document:5ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding and Cutting3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms related to copper and copper alloys, refer to T
18、erminology B846 for terms specific to this practice3.2 Definitions:Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 solderinga group of joining processes that produce coalescence of materials by heating them to the solderingtemperature and by using a filler metal (solder) having a liquidus not e
19、xceeding 840F (450C) and below the solidus of the basemetals.63.2.1.1 DiscussionIn actual practice, most soldering is done at temperatures from about 350 to 660F (177 to 349C).4. Summary of Practice4.1 To consistently make satisfactory joints, the following sequence of joint preparation and operatio
20、ns shall be followed:(1) measuring and cutting,(1) measuring and cutting,(2) reaming,(3) cleaning,(4) fluxing,(5) assembly and support,(6) heating,(7) applying the solder, and(8) cooling and cleaning.(2) reaming,(3) cleaning,(4) fluxing,(5) assembly and support,(6) heating,(7) applying the solder, a
21、nd(8) cooling and cleaning.5. Significance and Use5.1 The techniques described herein are used to produce leak-tight soldered joints between copper and copper alloy tube andfittings, either in shop operations or in the field. Skill and knowledge on the part of the operator or mechanic are required t
22、o obtaina satisfactorily soldered joint.6. Procedure6.1 Measuring and Cutting:6.1.1 Accurately measure the length of each tube segment (Fig. 1) to ensure joint quality. If the tube is too short, it will not reachall the way into the cup of the fitting and a proper joint cannot be made. If the tube s
23、egment is too long, the possibility exists thatsystem strain that negatively affects service life will be introduced.4 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, ThreeTwo Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990,http:/www.asme.org.5 Available from Amer
24、ican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6 American Welding Society Welding Handbook, Welding Processes, 8th ed., Vol 2, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Rd., 8669 NW 36 Street, #130, Miami,FL 33126.33166-6672.B828 1626.1.2
25、 Cut the tube to the measured lengths using tools that provide a square cut, for example, a disk-type tube cutter (Fig. 2),a hacksaw, an abrasive wheel, or with a stationary or portable band saw. Avoid deforming the tube during cutting. Regardless ofmethod, the cut shall be made square with the run
26、of the tube, so that the tube will seat properly in the fitting cup.6.2 Reaming:6.2.1 Ream all cut tube ends to the full inside diameter of the tube to remove the small burr created by the cutting operation.Failure to remove this rough edge by reaming is a leading cause of erosion-corrosion that occ
27、urs as a result of local turbulenceand increased local flow velocity in the tube. A properly reamed piece of tube provides a smooth surface for better flow.6.2.2 Remove any burrs on the outside of the tube ends created by the cutting operation to ensure proper entrance of the tubeinto the fitting cu
28、p.6.2.3 Tools used to ream tube ends include the reaming blade on the tube cutter, half-round or round files (Fig. 3), a pocket knife(Fig. 4), and a suitable deburring tool (Fig. 5). With soft (annealed) tube, care must be taken not to deform the tube end by applyingtoo much pressure.6.2.4 Soft temp
29、er tube, if deformed, shall be brought back to its proper roundness and dimensions with a sizing tool. This toolconsists of a plug and sizing ring.6.3 Cleaning:6.3.1 Clean all oxides and surface soil from the tube ends and fitting cups. The removal of all oxides and surface soil is crucialto proper
30、flow of solder metal into the joint. Unremoved oxides, surface soil, and oils will interfere with capillary action, lessenthe strength of the joint, and cause failure.6.3.2 Lightly abrade the tube ends using sand cloth (Fig. 6) or nylon abrasive pads (Fig. 7) for a distance slightly more thanthe dep
31、th of the fitting cups.6.3.3 Clean the fitting cups by using abrasive cloth, abrasive pads (Fig. 8), or a properly sized fitting brush (Fig. 9).FIG. 1 MeasuringFIG. 2 CuttingB828 1636.3.4 The capillary space between tube and fitting is approximately 0.004 in. (0.1 mm). Solder metal fills this gap by
32、 capillaryaction. This spacing is critical for the solder metal to flow into the gap and form a strong joint. Copper is a relatively soft metal.Removal of too much material from the tube end or fitting cup will result in a loose fit and interfere with satisfactory capillaryaction in making the joint
33、.FIG. 3 Reaming: FileFIG. 4 Reaming: Pocket KnifeFIG. 5 Reaming: Deburring ToolB828 1646.3.5 If chemical cleaning is used, the tube ends and fittings shall be thoroughly rinsed after cleaning in accordance with therecommended procedure furnished by the manufacturer of the cleaner. Do not touch the c
34、leaned surface with bare hands or oilygloves. Skin oils, lubricating oils, and grease impair solder metal.6.4 Applying Flux:FIG. 6 Cleaning: Sand ClothFIG. 7 Cleaning: Abrasive PadFIG. 8 Cleaning: Abrasive PadB828 1656.4.1 Use a flux that will meeting the requirements of Specification B813. Solderin
35、g fluxes are necessary to dissolve and removetraces of oxide from the cleaned surfaces to be joined, protect the cleaned surfaces from reoxidation during heating, and promotewetting of the surfaces by the solder metal, as recommended in the general requirements of Specification metal. B813. Apply at
36、hin even coating of flux with a brush to both tube and fitting as soon as possible after cleaning (Figs. 10 and 11). (WarningDonot apply with fingers. Chemicals in the flux are potentially harmful if carried to the eyes or open cuts.) cuts.)6.4.2 Use care in applying flux. Flux residue inside the tu
37、be has been known to cause corrosion and perforation of the tubeand/or fitting wall long after the system has been installed.6.5 Assembly and Support:6.5.1 Insert tube end into fitting cup, making sure that the tube seats against the base of the fitting cup (Fig. 12).Aslight twistingmotion ensures e
38、ven coverage by the flux. Remove excess flux from the exterior of the joint with a cotton rag (Fig. 13).6.5.2 Support the tube and fitting assembly to ensure a uniform capillary space around the entire circumference of the joint.Uniformity of capillary space will ensure good molten solder metal capi
39、llary flow (Fig. 14). Susceptibility to solder metal crackingunder conditions of stress or vibration is increased in joints with excessive joint clearance.6.5.3 The joint is now ready for soldering. Joints prepared and ready for soldering shall be completed the same day and not leftunfinished or uns
40、oldered overnight.6.6 Heating:6.6.1 (WarningWhen dealing with an open flame, high temperatures and flammable gases, safety precautions must beobserved as described in ANSI/AWSANSI Z49.1.) Begin heating with the flame perpendicular to the tube (Fig. 15). The coppertube conducts the initial heat into
41、the fitting cup for even distribution of heat in the joint area. The extent of this preheating dependsupon the size of the joint. Experience will indicate the amount of time needed.6.6.2 Next, move the flame onto the fitting cup (Fig. 16).FIG. 9 Cleaning: Fitting BrushFIG. 10 Fluxing: TubeB828 1666.
42、6.3 Then alternate the flame from the fitting cup back onto the tube a distance equal to the depth of the fitting cup. With thetorch at the base of the fitting cup touch the solder to the joint. If the solder does not melt, remove it and continue the heatingprocess. (WarningCare must be taken not to
43、 overheat the joint or to direct the flame into the face of the fitting cup. Overheatingthe flux will destroy its effectiveness and not allow the solder to enter the joint properly.)properly.)FIG. 11 Fluxing: FittingFIG. 12 AssemblyFIG. 13 Removing Excess FluxB828 1676.6.4 When the melting temperatu
44、re of the solder has been reached, apply heat to the base of the cup to aid capillary action indrawing the molten solder into the cup towards the heat source.6.6.5 Heat is generally applied using an air/fuel torch (Fig. 17). Such torches use acetylene or liquefied petroleum (LP) gas.Electric resista
45、nce soldering tools (Fig. 18), which use heating electrodes are an alternative when use of an open flame is a concern(see 6.6.1).6.7 Applying Solder:6.7.1 For joints in a horizontal position, start applying the solder metal slightly off-center at the bottom of the joint (Figs. 19and 20). Proceed acr
46、oss the bottom of the fitting and up to the top center position. Return to the point of beginning, overlap thestarting point, and then proceed up the incompleted side to the top, again, overlapping the solder metal.FIG. 14 Desirable Joint ConfigurationFIG. 15 Preheating: TubeFIG. 16 Preheating: Fitt
47、ingB828 1686.7.2 For joints in the vertical position, make a similar sequence of overlapping passes starting wherever it is convenient.FIG. 17 Heating: Air/Fuel TorchFIG. 18 Electric Resistance Hand Tools Suitable for Soldering Copper TubeFIG. 19 SolderingB828 1696.7.3 Solder joints depend on capill
48、ary action drawing free-flowing molten solder into the narrow clearance between the fittingand the tube. Molten solder metal is drawn into the joint by capillary action regardless of whether the solder metal is being fedupward, downward, or horizontally.6.7.4 Flux, applied first, acts as a cleaning
49、and wetting agent and, when properly applied, permits uniform spreading of themolten solder over the surfaces to be joined. Capillary action is most effective when the space between the surfaces to be joinedis between 0.002 and 0.005 in. (0.05 to 0.125 mm).6.8 Cooling and Cleaning:6.8.1 Allow the completed joint to cool naturally. Shock cooling with water will cause unnecessary stress on the joint. Whencool, clean off any remaining flux residue with a wet rag (Fig. 21).7. Testing7.1 Test all completed assemblies for joint integrity. Follow testing pr
