1、Designation: B 945 06Standard Practice forAluminum Alloy Extrusions Press Cooled from an ElevatedTemperature Shaping Process for Production of T1, T2, T5and T10Type Tempers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes the controls necessary forprod
3、uction of extrusions cooled from an elevated temperatureshaping (extrusion) process for the production of T1, T2, T5and T10type tempers (see ANSI H35.1).1.2 This practice is for production of extruded productsupplied in the alloys shown in Table 1 in the T1, T2, T5 orT10type tempers. It contains per
4、tinent information to be usedin establishing production practices and is descriptive ratherthan prescriptive.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety
5、 and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents of the issue in effect on thedate of material purchase form a part of this standard to theextent referenced herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:2B 557 Test Methods f
6、or Tension Testing Wrought and CastAluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy ProductsB 647 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of AluminumAlloys by Means of a Webster Hardness GageE 648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceB 881 Terminology Relating
7、to Aluminum- andMagnesium-Alloy ProductsB 918 Practice for Heat Treatment of Wrought AluminumAlloysE10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materi-alsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and RockwellSuperficial Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE 2281 Practice for Process and Measurement Capab
8、ilityIndices2.3 ANSI Standard:H35.1 Alloy and Temper Designation Systems for Alumi-num33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology B 881 for Defini-tions of Product terms used in this specification.4. EquipmentNOTE 1Equipment includes billet preheating, extruding and quench-ing.4.1 Prior to be
9、ing extruded, aluminum alloys are heated to atemperature not to exceed the temperatures shown in Table 1.Usual heating methods include, but are not limited to, induc-tion, flame impingement, or forced air. Controls shall beadequate to ensure that the equipment can be operated in amanner which preclu
10、des metal overheating or deleteriouscontamination of the metal by the furnace environment.4.1.1 Temperature control and recording devices used tomeasure temperature shall be calibrated as specified in 5.2.4.2 QuenchingQuenching methods may consist of, butare not limited to, air, water or water/glyco
11、l mixture in forcedair, water spray, fog or mist, standing wave, a quench tank oranother pressurized water device, or a combination thereof.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on LightMetals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.03 onAluminum Allo
12、y Wrought Products.Current edition approved May 15, 2006. Published May 2006.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page ont
13、he ASTM website.3Available from the Aluminum Association, Inc., 1525 Wilson Blvd., Arlington,VA 22209, www.aluminum.orgTABLE 1 Extrusion Billet or Log Temperature High LimitAAlloyBillet or LogTemperatureUpper F6005, 6005A, 6105, 6061, 6162, 6351 10506060, 6063, 6101, 6463, 6560 10607005, 7116, 7129
14、1000AThese upper limit temperatures avoid the possibility of eutectic melting due tooverheating, and include a safety factor of approximately 25F.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.The quench equipment shall be used in a
15、 manner such that thequench parameters can be controlled and recorded.5. Quality Assurance, Calibration and Testing5.1 Process Documentation:5.1.1 Extrusion thermal practices shall be established, docu-mented, controlled and monitored so that shipped productmeets order requirements.5.1.1.1 Capabilit
16、yThe producers process shall have beenproven capable per Practice E 2281, with documented evidenceof statistically verified capability, to produce product in variousproduct classes which conforms to required mechanical prop-erty minimums. Methods to establish capability are defined inPractice E 2281
17、. Appropriate models shall be used for repre-sentation of the data as well as the generation of control charts.For further information see ASTM MNL7A4.5.1.2 Recommended time measurements:5.1.2.1 Time interval between removal of the billet from thebillet heating equipment and start of extrusion,5.1.2
18、.2 Time interval between the metal exiting from pressand its entering the quench, and5.1.2.3 Time interval between metal entry into and exit fromthe quench below the identified critical maximum temperature.5.2 CalibrationTemperature control and recording de-vices used to measure temperature shall be
19、 calibrated inaccordance with documented calibration practices.5.2.1 Temperature Measuring System AccuracyThe accu-racy of any temperature sensing system shall be within 61%.5.3 RecordsRecords shall be maintained for each extru-sion press/quench facility involved in the production of extru-sions coo
20、led from an elevated temperature shaping process toshow compliance with this practice. The records shall includeidentification of the specific press involved (which includesmetal heating and quenching equipment), the frequency andresults of calibration of measurement equipment used forcontrol, and t
21、he dates and description of equipment repairs oralteration and instances of disqualification and correctiveaction.5.4 Process Surveillance Tests:5.4.1 Test Requirements:5.4.1.1 Surveillance tests of heating, extrusion, and quenchfacilities operated in accordance with documented proceduresshall have
22、a demonstrated capability for producing materialmeeting applicable material specification requirements for eachtype of product (shapes, tube, rod, hollow section, etc.), andalloy and temper produced. Surveillance tests should includetensile properties for all material and metallographic examina-tion
23、 to confirm that the elevated temperature shaping processhas not resulted in eutectic melting or subsurface porosity fromhydrogen diffusion. (Eutectic Melting and Subsurface Porositytests are applicable to 7xxx alloys only.)5.4.1.2 Frequency of TestsMaterial property tests shall becarried out at the
24、 frequency required by the applicable materialspecification. When no material specification is applicable, thenumber of samples tested shall be not less than one per 1000 lbof product weighing less than 1 lb per ft or not less than one per1000 ft of product for material weighing 1 lb or more per ft.
25、Product is meant to include the alloy in the form beingextruded, such as tube, pipe, or shape. For 7xxx alloys only,examination to confirm the absence of elevated temperatureshaping induced eutectic melting or subsurface porosity fromhydrogen diffusion shall be performed at a minimum rate ofone samp
26、le per alloy every three months for each press/quenchfacility producing that alloy.5.4.1.3 Use of Production Test ResultsThe results of teststo determine process conformance of material cooled from anelevated temperature shaping process can use the results oftests for requirements of the respective
27、material specification asevidence of process surveillance of the equipment and proce-dure employed.5.4.2 Test Methods:5.4.2.1 Mechanical properties shall be determined in accor-dance with Test Method B 557.5.4.2.2 Eutectic MeltingSpecimens from at least one ofthe processed samples in 5.4.1.1 shall b
28、e sectioned in the planeperpendicular to the direction of the extrusion, polished to anappropriate fineness, mildly etched with an etchant such asKellers reagent to reveal any evidence of eutectic melting, andexamined at a magnification of 5003.5.4.2.3 Hardness TestingMay be used in conjunction with
29、tensile testing for surveillance and process control. The rec-ommended testing procedure should be Brinell Test MethodE10, Rockwell Test Method E18, Barcol Test Method E 648,Test Method B 647, or any other ASTM approved hardnesstesting procedure. Each producer using hardness testing shallestablish t
30、heir relationship for hardness values to tensileproperties and set limits such that minimum hardness valueswill correlate to the specified minimum tensile propertiesrequired.5.5 Interpretation of Results:5.5.1 Mechanical PropertiesTensile properties deter-mined in accordance with 5.4.2.1 shall confo
31、rm to the require-ments of the applicable material specification(s).5.5.2 Eutectic Melting and Subsurface Porosity (applicableto 7xxx alloys only)There shall be no evidence of subsurfaceporosity from hydrogen diffusion or eutectic melting.5.5.3 Process DisqualificationInability to conform to5.5.1 or
32、 5.5.2 shall result in process disqualification. Theprocess shall remain disqualified until corrective action is takenand its effectiveness substantiated through conformance to5.5.1 and 5.5.2.5.5.4 Statistical significance of material property datathrough different statistical techniques may be foun
33、d useful inthe analysis of mechanical property data. Sufficient mechanicalproperty test data should be accumulated to determine statis-tical characteristics of the process using accepted conventions.5.5.5 Equipment Re-qualificationWhenever any qualifiedequipment is modified, replaced or reconditione
34、d, it shall bere-qualified unless it is known the change or reconditioningwill not have a detrimental effect upon the properties ofproducts.6. Extrusion Press Procedure6.1 Extrusion parameters should be controlled as follows:4Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis, Seventh Edition
35、,ASTM MNL7A, ASTM International, 2002.B9450626.1.1 During the extrusion process, the following tempera-ture measuring points should be monitored and controlled asper the producers internal procedures. The measuring pointsinclude but are not limited to:6.1.1.1 Billet or log temperature in the heating
36、 equipment.6.1.1.2 Billet or log temperature after heating and beforecharging into the extrusion press.6.1.1.3 Temperature of the extrudate at the press exit.6.1.1.4 Temperature of the extrudate at quench entry.6.1.1.5 Temperature of the extrudate at the completion ofquench.6.1.2 Billet temperature
37、shall not exceed the maximumtemperature for the alloy as listed in Table 1.NOTE 2The surface temperature of a billet or log may differ signifi-cantly from its interior temperature. Temperature sensing devices maygive instantaneous values at a specific point, or give average values overtime or over a
38、n area. Note that gradients differ between induction andgas-fired billet heaters.6.2 Heated billets should be loaded into the extrusion pressin a reasonably short period of time. If the billet temperaturefalls below the producers minimum allowed billet temperatureas used to qualify the process, or i
39、f the time between heatingand extruding exceeds the producers internal limit, that billetshall be rejected or reprocessed (for example, by reheating).7. Aging7.1 Artificial aging shall be accomplished using times andtemperatures as necessary to achieve required properties.Practice B 918 aging practi
40、ces may be used as a guide.8. Keywords8.1 aluminum alloys; cooled from an elevated temperatureshaping process; press quenchedASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are ex
41、pressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revi
42、sed, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you ma
43、y attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).B945063
