1、Designation: B945 06 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Practice forAluminum Alloy Extrusions Press Cooled from an ElevatedTemperature Shaping Process for Production of T1, T2, T5and T10Type Tempers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B945; the number immediately following the designation ind
2、icates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes the controls ne
3、cessary forproduction of extrusions cooled from an elevated temperatureshaping (extrusion) process for the production of T1, T2, T5and T10type tempers (see ANSI H35.1).1.2 This practice is for production of extruded productsupplied in the alloys shown in Table 1 in the T1, T2, T5 orT10type tempers.
4、It contains pertinent information to be usedin establishing production practices and is descriptive ratherthan prescriptive.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr
5、o-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents of the issue in effect on thedate of material purchase form a part of this standard to theextent referenced herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:2B557
6、Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and CastAluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy ProductsB647 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of AluminumAlloys by Means of a Webster Hardness GageE648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceB881 Terminolog
7、y Relating to Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy ProductsB918 Practice for Heat Treatment of Wrought AluminumAlloysE10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE2281 Practice for Process and Measurement CapabilityIndices2.3 ANSI St
8、andard:H35.1 Alloy and Temper Designation Systems for Alumi-num33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRefer to Terminology B881 for Definitionsof Product terms used in this specification.4. EquipmentNOTE 1Equipment includes billet preheating, extruding and quench-ing.4.1 Prior to being extruded, aluminum all
9、oys are heated to atemperature not to exceed the temperatures shown in Table 1.Usual heating methods include, but are not limited to,induction, flame impingement, or forced air. Controls shall beadequate to ensure that the equipment can be operated in amanner which precludes metal overheating or del
10、eteriouscontamination of the metal by the furnace environment.4.1.1 Temperature control and recording devices used tomeasure temperature shall be calibrated as specified in 5.2.4.2 QuenchingQuenching methods may consist of, but arenot limited to, air, water or water/glycol mixture in forced air,wate
11、r spray, fog or mist, standing wave, a quench tank oranother pressurized water device, or a combination thereof.The quench equipment shall be used in a manner such that thequench parameters can be controlled and recorded.5. Quality Assurance, Calibration and Testing5.1 Process Documentation:5.1.1 Ex
12、trusion thermal practices shall be established,documented, controlled and monitored so that shipped productmeets order requirements.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on LightMetals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.03 onAluminum Alloy Wrough
13、t Products.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as B945 06. DOI:10.1520/B0945-06R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
14、For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Aluminum Association, Inc., 1525 Wilson Blvd., Arlington,VA 22209, www.aluminum.orgCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
15、ken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.1.1.1 CapabilityThe producers process shall have beenproven capable per Practice E2281, with documented evidenceof statistically verified capability, to produce product in variousproduct classes which conforms to required mechanical prop-erty minimums. Methods to
16、establish capability are defined inPractice E2281. Appropriate models shall be used for repre-sentation of the data as well as the generation of control charts.For further information see ASTM MNL7A4.5.1.2 Recommended time measurements:5.1.2.1 Time interval between removal of the billet from thebill
17、et heating equipment and start of extrusion,5.1.2.2 Time interval between the metal exiting from pressand its entering the quench, and5.1.2.3 Time interval between metal entry into and exit fromthe quench below the identified critical maximum temperature.5.2 CalibrationTemperature control and record
18、ing de-vices used to measure temperature shall be calibrated inaccordance with documented calibration practices.5.2.1 Temperature Measuring System AccuracyThe accu-racy of any temperature sensing system shall be within 61%.5.3 RecordsRecords shall be maintained for each extru-sion press/quench facil
19、ity involved in the production of extru-sions cooled from an elevated temperature shaping process toshow compliance with this practice. The records shall includeidentification of the specific press involved (which includesmetal heating and quenching equipment), the frequency andresults of calibratio
20、n of measurement equipment used forcontrol, and the dates and description of equipment repairs oralteration and instances of disqualification and correctiveaction.5.4 Process Surveillance Tests:5.4.1 Test Requirements:5.4.1.1 Surveillance tests of heating, extrusion, and quenchfacilities operated in
21、 accordance with documented proceduresshall have a demonstrated capability for producing materialmeeting applicable material specification requirements for eachtype of product (shapes, tube, rod, hollow section, etc.), andalloy and temper produced. Surveillance tests should includetensile properties
22、 for all material and metallographic examina-tion to confirm that the elevated temperature shaping processhas not resulted in eutectic melting or subsurface porosity fromhydrogen diffusion. (Eutectic Melting and Subsurface Porositytests are applicable to 7xxx alloys only.)5.4.1.2 Frequency of TestsM
23、aterial property tests shall becarried out at the frequency required by the applicable materialspecification. When no material specification is applicable, thenumber of samples tested shall be not less than one per 1000 lbof product weighing less than 1 lb per ft or not less than one per1000 ft of p
24、roduct for material weighing 1 lb or more per ft.Product is meant to include the alloy in the form beingextruded, such as tube, pipe, or shape. For 7xxx alloys only,examination to confirm the absence of elevated temperatureshaping induced eutectic melting or subsurface porosity fromhydrogen diffusio
25、n shall be performed at a minimum rate ofone sample per alloy every three months for each press/quenchfacility producing that alloy.5.4.1.3 Use of Production Test ResultsThe results of teststo determine process conformance of material cooled from anelevated temperature shaping process can use the re
26、sults oftests for requirements of the respective material specification asevidence of process surveillance of the equipment and proce-dure employed.5.4.2 Test Methods:5.4.2.1 Mechanical properties shall be determined in accor-dance with Test Method B557.5.4.2.2 Eutectic MeltingSpecimens from at leas
27、t one ofthe processed samples in 5.4.1.1 shall be sectioned in the planeperpendicular to the direction of the extrusion, polished to anappropriate fineness, mildly etched with an etchant such asKellers reagent to reveal any evidence of eutectic melting, andexamined at a magnification of 500.5.4.2.3
28、Hardness TestingMay be used in conjunction withtensile testing for surveillance and process control. The rec-ommended testing procedure should be Brinell Test MethodE10, Rockwell Test Method E18, Barcol Test Method E648,Test Method B647, or any other ASTM approved hardnesstesting procedure. Each pro
29、ducer using hardness testing shallestablish their relationship for hardness values to tensileproperties and set limits such that minimum hardness valueswill correlate to the specified minimum tensile propertiesrequired.5.5 Interpretation of Results:5.5.1 Mechanical PropertiesTensile properties deter
30、-mined in accordance with 5.4.2.1 shall conform to the require-ments of the applicable material specification(s).5.5.2 Eutectic Melting and Subsurface Porosity (applicableto 7xxx alloys only)There shall be no evidence of subsurfaceporosity from hydrogen diffusion or eutectic melting.5.5.3 Process Di
31、squalificationInability to conform to5.5.1 or 5.5.2 shall result in process disqualification. Theprocess shall remain disqualified until corrective action is takenand its effectiveness substantiated through conformance to5.5.1 and 5.5.2.5.5.4 Statistical significance of material property datathrough
32、 different statistical techniques may be found useful inthe analysis of mechanical property data. Sufficient mechanicalproperty test data should be accumulated to determine statis-tical characteristics of the process using accepted conventions.5.5.5 Equipment Re-qualificationWhenever any qualifiedeq
33、uipment is modified, replaced or reconditioned, it shall be4Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis, Seventh Edition,ASTM MNL7A, ASTM International, 2002.TABLE 1 Extrusion Billet or Log Temperature High LimitAAlloyBillet or LogTemperatureUpper F6005, 6005A, 6105, 6061, 6162, 6351 1
34、0506060, 6063, 6101, 6463, 6560 10607005, 7116, 7129 1000AThese upper limit temperatures avoid the possibility of eutectic melting due tooverheating, and include a safety factor of approximately 25F.B945 06 (2014)2re-qualified unless it is known the change or reconditioningwill not have a detrimenta
35、l effect upon the properties ofproducts.6. Extrusion Press Procedure6.1 Extrusion parameters should be controlled as follows:6.1.1 During the extrusion process, the following tempera-ture measuring points should be monitored and controlled asper the producers internal procedures. The measuring point
36、sinclude but are not limited to:6.1.1.1 Billet or log temperature in the heating equipment.6.1.1.2 Billet or log temperature after heating and beforecharging into the extrusion press.6.1.1.3 Temperature of the extrudate at the press exit.6.1.1.4 Temperature of the extrudate at quench entry.6.1.1.5 T
37、emperature of the extrudate at the completion ofquench.6.1.2 Billet temperature shall not exceed the maximumtemperature for the alloy as listed in Table 1.NOTE 2The surface temperature of a billet or log may differsignificantly from its interior temperature. Temperature sensing devicesmay give insta
38、ntaneous values at a specific point, or give average valuesover time or over an area. Note that gradients differ between induction andgas-fired billet heaters.6.2 Heated billets should be loaded into the extrusion pressin a reasonably short period of time. If the billet temperaturefalls below the pr
39、oducers minimum allowed billet temperatureas used to qualify the process, or if the time between heatingand extruding exceeds the producers internal limit, that billetshall be rejected or reprocessed (for example, by reheating).7. Aging7.1 Artificial aging shall be accomplished using times andtemper
40、atures as necessary to achieve required properties.Practice B918 aging practices may be used as a guide.8. Keywords8.1 aluminum alloys; cooled from an elevated temperatureshaping process; press quenchedASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in conn
41、ection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the respons
42、ible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful c
43、onsideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 10
44、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 06 (2014)3
