1、Designation: C 1026 87 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Resistance of Ceramic Tile to Freeze-ThawCycling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equip-ment required to test either glazed or unglazed c
3、eramic tile forresistance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Ceramictile of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not pur
4、port to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 2
5、42 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and RelatedProducts2E 220 Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Com-parison Techniques33. Summary of Test Method3.1 A designated test-load of tile specimens is saturated withwater, and placed in a freezer with thermocouples (thermom-eter) inserted. Freezing
6、is followed by a thawing cycle with thespecimens immersed in water. The number of tile damagedafter freezing and thawing for 5, 10, and 15 cycles isdetermined by visual examination.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functionsas a guide to the selection of cera
7、mic tile suitable for outdoorservice in geographic areas subjected to freezing. It can serveas a test method to verify compliance with specifications forceramic tile, and provides a control test for determining theuniformity of tile being manufactured for exterior installations.5. Apparatus (See Fig
8、. 1)5.1 The freezing chamber for this test method may be ofanytype provided it has the capacity to cool the center of the testload to 0F (18C) within a period of 6 to 8 h. By adjustingthe mass of the test load, freezers with various freezing ratesmay be used in this test as long as the 6 to 8-h peri
9、od to reach0F (18C) is maintained.5.2 Two freezer thermometers of the type that use a ther-mocouple are required. They shall be calibrated to 0F (18C)against a thermometer of known accuracy (see 2.1).5.3 Vacuum Chamber, capable of withstanding a vacuum of760 mm Hg (102 MPa).5.4 Vacuum Pump, that can
10、 go down to 20 mm Hg (2.6MPa) pressure.5.5 Drill Press.5.6 Carbide Tipped Bit, slightly larger in diameter than thethermocouple, or other means of drilling the tile.5.7 Ultraviolet Light Source and Fluorescent Dye, (un-glazed tile) or black ink (glazed tile).6. Test Samples6.1 Select ten samples at
11、random from the lot to be tested.7. Procedure7.1 Calibration of the Freezer Capacity:7.1.1 Calibrate the two freezer thermometers.7.1.2 Select a group of tiles having the same approximateabsorption, size, and total mass as the samples to be used in thefinal test for use as a test load.7.1.3 Drill a
12、hole through the center of the tile that will bein the middle of the load as it is placed in the freezer in orderto accommodate the thermocouple. The fit of the thermocouplebead in the tile should be as snug as possible. The wire shouldbe trailed out either between the ribs or in a slot cut in the b
13、ackof one of the tiles. It is important that the tile, when stacked, arenot held apart by the thermocouple or wire.7.1.4 Remove the thermocouple from the prepared tile andsubject them and the remainder of the tile to be used as the testload to the following:1This test method is under the jurisdictio
14、n of ASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.06on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved Sept. 25, 1987. Published November 1987. Originallypublished as C-21 Proposed Test Method P 153. Last previous edition C 1026 84.2Annual Boo
15、k of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.2 Test Load Preparation:7.2.1 Place as many tile at a time as possible in a vacuumcontainer. Evacuate to a pre
16、ssure of 20 mm Hg for 20 min, thenadd potable water at room temperature to cover the tilecompletely while still under vacuum. Hold under vacuum for40 min. Make sure all tile are submerged in water throughoutthe 40-min soak. After this treatment, release the vacuum andstore the treated tile immersed
17、in water until ready for 7.2.3.7.2.2 Mount the thermometers to the outside of freezingchamber which has a no-load capability of 10 to 20F (23to 29C). Place one thermocouple in the freezer sothat it issuspended in the atmosphere of the freezer, not touching thesides or bottom. The other thermocouple
18、will be used in thenext step.7.2.3 Remove the tile drilled to hold the thermocouple fromthe water, and wipe it lightly with a damp cloth. Insert thethermocouple into the tile as discussed previously. Add enoughtiles to the top and bottom of the stack so that the thermocoupleis in the center of a sta
19、ck of tile of shape and weightapproximating the test load.7.2.4 Check the inside temperature of the freezer and record(see Appendix X1).7.2.5 Remove the remaining tiles for the load from the waterand wipe them with a damp cloth.7.2.6 Place the entire load of tile in the freezer, preferably ina speci
20、ally made basket or container. If the tile are to bestacked in the freezer, make sure the stack is straight, particu-larly around the thermocouple, and that the wire is in itsgroove.7.2.7 Take a reading, both of the internal tile temperature,and inside the freezer.7.2.8 Continue to record both tempe
21、ratures on an hourlybasis until the temperature inside the tile reaches 0F (18C).7.2.9 Prepare a table similar to Appendix X1 that showstemperature in relation to time.7.2.10 The total time will be affected by the size of thefreezer, the size of the load, and the recovery rate of the freezer.The loa
22、d is the only one of these three that can be varied easily,so in order to maintain the specified rate of freezing, adjust theload so that the total time required to reach 0F (18C) on thethermocouple in the load falls between 6 and 8 h.7.3 Frost Resistance Load Preparation:7.3.1 Select a set of tile
23、similar in size and mass to the testload.7.3.2 Number each tile with an indelible marker.7.3.3 Remove tile from water, wipe with damp cloth, andplace in the freezing chamber, stacked in a manner similar tothe test load described in 7.2.6.7.4 Freezing and Thawing:7.4.1 When the tile have reached 0F (
24、18C), remove themfrom the freezer and place in water that is at a temperature from50 to 60F (10 to 16C) and is of a sufficient quantity that thetemperature remains within this range (about 4 lb (kg/kg) ofwater per pound of tile). Place the tile into the water one pieceat a time and leave submerged f
25、or a minimum of 30 min. Keepthe tile separated at least12 in. (13 mm) to permit watercirculation.7.4.2 Remove tile from the water after thawing, wipe,observe in oblique light for surface flaws, then reimmerse inwater until ready for next freezing cycle. Repeat the freezing,thawing, observation proce
26、dure for a total of five cycles. Afterfive cycles, wipe tile, weigh, and augment detection of surfaceflaws by rubbing surface with a washable black ink (glazedtile) or a fluorescent solution (unglazed tile). It is necessary toobserve the unglazed tile illuminated with ultraviolet light.Record observ
27、ations. Return tile to water after observation.When running both glazed and unglazed tile simultaneously,keep the two types in separate containers of water.7.4.3 Upon completion of observations after the fifth cycle,remove any tile showing crazing, chipping (nonmechanical),spalling or cracking eithe
28、r of the body or glaze from the lot andsubject the balance of the tile to an additional five cycles offreezing and thawing as above. Make a thorough examinationof the tile surfaces after the tenth freeze-thaw cycle as wasperformed after the fifth cycle. Remove any tile showingdamage and subject the
29、balance of the tile to an additional fivecycles of freezing and thawing. Again, after the fifteenth cycle,appraise the surfaces and record results.FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of ApparatusC 1026 87 (2002)28. Report8.1 Report the number of tile damaged in any manner(crazing, chipping, spalling, body chec
30、ks, or cracks) after five,ten, and fifteen cycles, plus notes of defects observed inreflected light on interim cycles on the suggested form (seeAppendix X2).9. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionNo statement is made about the precision ofthis test method since no test data are available yet to permitsuc
31、h a statement to be made. Work is planned to develop thisdata.9.2 BiasNo statement is made about the bias of this testmethod since no standard samples are available.APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. TEMPERATURES, SAMPLE TABLETime (hours)Center of Load, FTimeFreezer atmosphere,F0 52 63 74 8X2.
32、TEST RESULTS, SAMPLE TABLEObservationprior to testObservations5 cyclesObservations10 cyclesObservations15 cyclesTitleNumber 12345678910C 1026 87 (2002)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Us
33、ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed ever
34、y five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible techni
35、cal committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 1026 87 (2002)4
