1、Designation: C1026 10Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Resistance of Ceramic Tile to Freeze-ThawCycling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equip-ment required to test either glazed or unglazed ceramic tile forresist
3、ance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Ceramictile of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all o
4、f thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C242 Terminology of Cer
5、amic Whitewares and RelatedProducts3E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison Techniques3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Adesignated test-load of tile specimens is saturated withwater, and placed in a freezer with thermocouples (thermom-eter) inserted. Freezing is followed by a thaw
6、ing cycle with thespecimens immersed in water. The number of tile damagedafter freezing and thawing for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 . . . 150 cyclesis determined by visual examination.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functionsas a guide to the selection of ceramic til
7、e suitable for outdoorservice in geographic areas subjected to freezing. It can serveas a test method to verify compliance with specifications forceramic tile, and provides a control test for determining theuniformity of tile being manufactured for exterior installations.5. Apparatus (See Fig. 1)5.1
8、 The freezing chamber for this test method may be ofanytype provided it has the capacity to cool the center of the testload to 0F (-18C) within a period of 6 to 8 h. By adjusting themass of the test load, freezers with various freezing rates maybe used in this test as long as the 6- to 8-h period to
9、 reach 0F(-18C) is maintained.5.2 Two freezer thermometers of the type that use a ther-mocouple are required. They shall be calibrated to 0F (18C)against a thermometer of known accuracy (see 2.1).5.3 Pan, in which the specimens may be boiled.5.4 Potable Water.5.5 Drill Press.5.6 Carbide Tipped Bit,
10、slightly larger in diameter than thethermocouple, or other means of drilling the tile.5.7 Ultraviolet Light Source and Fluorescent Dye, (un-glazed tile) or black ink (glazed tile).6. Test Samples6.1 Select ten samples at random from the lot to be tested.7. Procedure7.1 Calibration of the Freezer Cap
11、acity:7.1.1 Calibrate the two freezer thermometers.7.1.2 Select a group of tiles having the same approximateabsorption, size, and total mass as the samples to be used in thefinal test for use as a test load.7.1.3 Drill a hole through the center of the tile that will bein the middle of the load as it
12、 is placed in the freezer in orderto accommodate the thermocouple. The fit of the thermocouplebead in the tile should be as snug as possible. The wire shouldbe trailed out either between the ribs or in a slot cut in the backof one of the tiles. It is important that the tile, when stacked, arenot hel
13、d apart by the thermocouple or wire.7.1.4 Remove the thermocouple from the prepared tile andsubject them and the remainder of the tile to be used as the testload to the following:1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the dir
14、ect responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.06 on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originallypublished in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1026 87(2009).DOI: 10.1520/C1026-10.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standard
15、s, Vol 14.03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.2 Test Load Preparation:7.2.1 Record the dry weight of each specimen. Place thespecimens in a pan of potable water and soak for 24 h. Usesetter pins or some similar devic
16、e to separate the specimensfrom the bottom and sides of the pan and from each other.Record the 24 soak weights, return the specimens to the waterand boil for 5 h, taking care that the specimens are coveredwith water at all times. After the 5-h boil, allow the specimensto soak for at least an additio
17、nal 24 h, record the 5-h boilweights, and continue to immerse the treated tiles in water untilready for 7.2.37.2.2 Mount the thermometers to the outside of freezingchamber which has a no-load capability of -10 to -20F (-23 to-29C). Place one thermocouple in the freezer so that it issuspended in the
18、atmosphere of the freezer, not touching thesides or bottom. The other thermocouple will be used in thenext step.7.2.3 Remove the tile drilled to hold the thermocouple fromthe water, and wipe it lightly with a damp cloth. Insert thethermocouple into the tile as discussed previously.Add enoughtiles to
19、 the top and bottom of the stack so that the thermocoupleis in the center of a stack of tile of shape and weightapproximating the test load.7.2.4 Check the inside temperature of the freezer and record(see Appendix X1).7.2.5 Remove the remaining tiles for the load from the waterand wipe them with a d
20、amp cloth.7.2.6 Place the entire load of tile in the freezer, preferably ina specially made basket or container. If the tile are to bestacked in the freezer, make sure the stack is straight, particu-larly around the thermocouple, and that the wire is in itsgroove.7.2.7 Take a reading, both of the in
21、ternal tile temperature,and inside the freezer.7.2.8 Continue to record both temperatures on an hourlybasis until the temperature inside the tile reaches 0F (-18C).7.2.9 Prepare a table similar to Appendix X1 that showstemperature in relation to time.7.2.10 The total time will be affected by the siz
22、e of thefreezer, the size of the load, and the recovery rate of the freezer.The load is the only one of these three that can be varied easily,so in order to maintain the specified rate of freezing, adjust theload so that the total time required to reach 0F (-18C) on thethermocouple in the load falls
23、 between 6 and 8 h.7.3 Frost Resistance Load Preparation:7.3.1 Select a set of tile similar in size and mass to the testload.7.3.2 Number each tile with an indelible marker.7.3.3 Remove tile from water, wipe with damp cloth, andplace in the freezing chamber, stacked in a manner similar tothe test lo
24、ad described in 7.2.6.7.4 Freezing and Thawing:7.4.1 When the tile have reached 0F (-18C), remove themfrom the freezer and place in water that is at a temperature from50 to 60F (10 to 16C) and is of a sufficient quantity that thetemperature remains within this range (about 4 lb (kg/kg) ofwater per p
25、ound of tile). Place the tile into the water one pieceat a time and leave submerged for a minimum of 30 min. Keepthe tile separated at least12 in. (13 mm) to permit watercirculation.7.4.2 Remove tile from the water after thawing, wipe,observe in oblique light for surface flaws, then reimmerse inwate
26、r until ready for next freezing cycle. Repeat the freezing,thawing, observation procedure for a total of five cycles. Afterfive cycles, wipe tile, weigh, and augment detection of surfaceflaws by rubbing surface with a washable black ink (glazedtile) or a fluorescent solution (unglazed tile). It is n
27、ecessary toobserve the unglazed tile illuminated with ultraviolet light.Record observations. Return tile to water after observation.When running both glazed and unglazed tile simultaneously,keep the two types in separate containers of water.7.4.3 Upon completion of observations after the fifth cycle
28、,remove any tile showing crazing, chipping (nonmechanical),spalling or cracking either of the body or glaze from the lot andsubject the balance of the tile to an additional five cycles offreezing and thawing as above. Make a thorough examinationof the tile surfaces after the tenth freeze-thaw cycle
29、as wasperformed after the fifth cycle. Remove any tile showingdamage and subject the balance of the tile to an additional fivecycles of freezing and thawing.Again, after the fifteenth cycle,appraise the surfaces and record results. Continue this proce-dure until all tiles have been removed or until
30、150 cycles havebeen completed.8. Report8.1 Report the number of tile damaged in any manner(crazing, chipping, spalling, body checks, or cracks) after eachfive-cycle grouping, plus notes of defects observed in reflectedlight on interim cycles on the suggested form (see AppendixX2). Tests involving fe
31、wer than 150 cycles should be noted inthe report.9. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionNo statement is made about the precision ofthis test method since no test data are available yet to permitsuch a statement to be made. Work is planned to develop thisdata.9.2 BiasNo statement is made about the bias of
32、 this testmethod since no standard samples are available.C1026 102APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. TEMPERATURES, SAMPLE TABLECenter of Load, F Freezer Atmosphere,FTime (hours) 0 Time 52 63 74 8X2. TEST RESULTS, SAMPLE TABLETitleNumberObservationprior to test, dry wt.24-h soak wt, 5-hboil wtOb
33、servations5 cyclesObservations10 cyclesObservations15 cycles. . . Observations150 cycles12345678910C1026 103ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised t
34、hat determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapp
35、roved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you
36、feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual r
37、eprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C1026 104
