1、Designation: C1026 13 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Resistance of Ceramic and Glass Tile toFreeze-Thaw Cycling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equip-ment required to test either glazed or ung
3、lazed ceramic or glasstiles for resistance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing.Tiles of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard do
4、es not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This internatio
5、nal standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Commit
6、tee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and RelatedProducts23. Summary of Test Method3.1 Adesignated test load of tile specimens is saturated withwater prior to being placed face-up in a metal water-filledcontainer inside a freezer. The water level is adj
7、usted such thatthe tile specimens are partially submerged. A thermocouple isinserted into the bottom of the metal container such that thewater surrounding the thermocouple is the last location tofreeze and thaw. Freezing is followed by a thawing cycle usingwater that flows over the test load. The nu
8、mber of freeze-thawcycles is recorded and after 300 cycles, the test load is visuallyexamined for damage and checked for total weight loss.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functionsas a guide to the selection of ceramic and glass tiles suitable foroutdoor se
9、rvice in geographic areas subjected to freezing. Itcan serve as a test method to verify compliance with specifi-cations for ceramic and glass tiles, and provides a control testfor determining the freeze/thaw resistance of tiles beingmanufactured for exterior installations.5. Apparatus5.1 Freezing Ch
10、amber. The freezing chamber for this testmethod may be of any type provided it has the capacity to coolthe test load to 27 612 F (-3 614 C) within a period of 3to 6 h. By adjusting the mass of the test load, any freezer canbe used in this test as long as a 3- to 6-h period to reach 27 612 F (-3 614
11、C) is achieved. See Figs. 1 and 2.5.2 Freezing Container. A freezing container of such designand shape that it fits inside the freezing chamber and will allowthe test specimens to be laid flat on a tile support rack at thebottom of the container. The freezing container may be of anyconvenient size o
12、r shape (a stainless steel sink works well). Itmust have a low point in which the thermocouple can besecurely located such that the water around the thermocouplefreezes last (typically near the bottom center of the container).The water level inside the container is maintained throughoutthe test by a
13、djusting the height of an overflow drain. See Fig.3.5.3 Tile Support Rack. A rack capable of supporting the testspecimens a minimum of14 in. (6 mm) above the bottom of thefreezing container in a consistent, level manner. It should berustproof, unaffected by freeze/thaw cycling and with sufficientope
14、nings that the thawing water passes easily over and aroundthe frozen tile specimens during the thawing cycle. See Fig. 4.5.4 Water Reservoir. A reservoir of sufficient volume, inwhich water is maintained at a temperature of 60 6 20F (166 11C) and used to raise the temperature of the test load to 406
15、12 F (5 614 C) during the thawing cycle. See Fig. 5.5.5 Water Pump. A low-pressure water pump of sufficientcapacity to pump water from the water reservoir into the1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibilit
16、y of SubcommitteeC21.06 on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallypublished in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1026 13. DOI:10.1520/C1026-13R18.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
17、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations is
18、sued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1freezing chamber in such manner that it can flood water overthe test load.Aflow or pressure reduction valve may need to beinstalled between the water pump and the flooding assembly toprevent spraying. See Fig. 6.5.6 Fl
19、ooding Assembly. PVC pipe or similar which as-sembled to spread thawing water throughout the freezingcontainer. Holes18 in. (3 mm) in diameter are drilled in thebottom of the flooding assembly. Holes14 in. (6 mm) indiameter are drilled in the top to maintain the flow of water inthe event the bottom
20、holes become frozen. No holes shall bedrilled in the flooding assembly which would allow water tofall directly on the thermocouple. See Figs. 7-9.FIG. 1 Freezing Chamber, Front ViewC1026 13 (2018)25.7 Controller. A device capable of receiving input from athermocouple and accurately measuring and dis
21、playing thetemperature of the water around the thermocouple within12 F(14 C). The controller must have an electric relay triggered byFIG. 2 Freezing Chamber, Top ViewIncludes Inlet Hose from Water Pump and Control Box Housing the Temperature Controller and Cycle CounterFIG. 3 Freezing ContainerInclu
22、des Low Point for the Thermocouple and Adjustable Overflow Drain in the CornerC1026 13 (2018)3FIG. 4 Freezing Container with Tile Support Rack InstalledFIG. 5 Water Reservoir, Includes Water Line Which Goes Through the Top of the FreezerC1026 13 (2018)4change in temperature to engage and disengage t
23、he waterpump and to record how many freeze thaw cycles have beencompleted.5.8 Thermocouple. A thermocouple calibrated to 27F(-3C) against a thermometer of known accuracy.5.9 Oven. An oven capable of maintaining a temperature of302 6 9F (150 6 5C).5.10 Boiling Container. Apot or pan in which the spec
24、imensmay be submerged in boiling water.5.11 Test Water. Deionized water shall be used for thesaturation procedure, and potable water shall be used for thefreezing and thawing.5.12 Weighing Instrument. A scale of adequate capacity,accurate to 0.00002 lb (0.01g).6. Test Samples6.1 Select five samples
25、at random to be tested. Specimenslargerthan33in.(7676mm)shall be cut to 3 614 3FIG. 6 Water PumpFIG. 7 Flooding Assembly, Bottom ViewC1026 13 (2018)5614 in. (76 6 6766 6 mm) from the center of the tile.Great care must be exercised when collecting or cuttingspecimens, or both, so that no specimens wi
26、th visible damageor cracks prior to testing are included as part of the test load.7. Procedure7.1 Test Load Preparation:7.1.1 Dry each specimen in the oven at 302 6 9F (150 65C) for 24 h. Allow the specimens to cool in the desiccatoruntil they can be safely handled. Record the dry weight (WI)ofeach
27、specimen. Place the specimens in a container of boilingdeionized water for 5 h, taking care that the specimens arecovered with water at all times. Use setter pins, a rust-proofrack, or equivalent to separate the specimens from the bottomand sides of the container and from each other. After the 5-hbo
28、il, allow the specimens to soak for at least an additional 24h. Continue to immerse the treated tiles in water until ready for7.1.3.7.1.2 Clamp or fasten the thermocouple to the low point inthe freezing container, near the center of the load and under-neath the tile specimens and support rack.7.1.3
29、Arrange all of the specimens on the support rack in thefreezing container so they are horizontal with the wear surfacefacing up. Adjust and level the support rack such that thespecimens will be a minimum of14 in. (6 mm), not to exceed1 in. (25.4 mm), above the bottom plane of the freezingcontainer.
30、Add potable water to the freezing container andadjust the overflow device to maintain a water level such thatthe specimens are submerged at least12 their thickness, but notfully submerged.7.1.4 Ensure that the water reservoir is maintained at 60 620F (16 6 11C). Adjust the pressure on the water-floo
31、dingassembly to flood water directly over the test specimens duringthe thaw cycle. High pressure spraying or splashing of thethawing water can cause ice or frost to build up on the freezingchamber walls and on the sides of the freezing containerresulting in the need to defrost the freezer during the
32、 test cycle.If the cycle must be stopped to defrost the chamber orcontainer, maintain the water level described in Section 7.1.3.Then continue with the remaining cycles after defrosting iscompleted.7.1.5 Set the temperature range on the temperature control-ler from 27 to 40F (-3 to 5C), such that th
33、e water pumpengages when the test load reaches 27 612 F (-3 614 C) andthe pump disengages when the test load reaches 40 612 F (5614 C).7.1.6 Set the cycle counter on the temperature controller to300 cycles and start the process.FIG. 8 Flooding Assembly, Top ViewFIG. 9 Flooding Assembly, InstalledC10
34、26 13 (2018)67.1.7 After one freeze-thaw cycle, at the beginning of thesecond cycle, check the test load temperature inside the freezer,displayed on the controller, and record.7.1.8 Continue to record the temperature on an hourly basisuntil the test load reaches 27F (-3C).7.1.9 Prepare a table that
35、shows temperature in relation totime for one freezing cycle or until such time that noadjustment to the load is needed (see 7.1.10).7.1.10 The total time will be affected by the size of thefreezer, the size of the test load, and the recovery rate of thefreezer. The load is the only one of these thre
36、e that can bevaried easily, so in order to maintain the specified rate offreezing, adjust the load, while continuing the test, so that thetotal time required to reach 27F (-3C) on the thermocouple inthe load falls between 3 and 6 h. No more than threeadjustments to the load may be made without resta
37、rting thetest.7.2 At the end of 300 cycles, dry the specimens in the ovenat 302 6 9F (150 6 5C) for 24 h. Allow specimens to coolin a desiccator.7.3 Record the dry weight (Wf) of each specimen.7.4 Visually inspect each specimen carefully for cracks,disintegration, or spalling, or combinations thereo
38、f. The visualinspection shall be conducted at a standard distance of 10 6 inches (250 6 13 mm) under sufficient lighting with aminimum of 28 foot candles (300 lux) of illumination. Recordobservations.8. Report8.1 Calculate the total weight loss for each specimen asfollows:Total weight loss percentag
39、e 5 WI2 WF! WI# 3100 (1)where:WI= initial dry weight, andWF= final dry weightReport the number of tile damaged. A damaged tile isdefined as one which shows evidence of cracking,disintegration, spalling, or toal weight loss 0.5 %.8.2 Note specimens which exhibit signs of crazing, takingcare not to co
40、nfuse crazing with cracking. Crazing is not to beconsidered a damaged tile by this method.8.3 Note any observations on the suggested form (seeAppendix X1). Tests involving fewer than 300 cycles shall benoted in the report.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Precision and BiasNo information is presented aboutei
41、ther the precision or bias of Test Method C1026 for measur-ing resistance of tile to freeze-thaw cycling since the test resultis non-quantitative.APPENDIXX1. TEST RESULTS, SAMPLE TABLESpecimen # Dry WT, (WI) Dry WT, (WF) Observations After300 CyclesTotal WT, Loss(%)Pass or Fail12345ASTM Internationa
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45、at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 13 (2018)7
