1、Designation: C 1027 99 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forDetermining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed CeramicTile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is designed to measure the resistance oftile surfaces to visible surface abrasion. Ce
3、rtain irregularsurfaces may not be evaluated properly by this test methodbecause of wear patterns.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This procedure does not make provisions for the appar-ent differe
4、nce in abrasion values between light and darkcolored tile.1.4 This procedure does not optimally evaluate loss of glosswith abrasion.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establ
5、ish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ISO Standard:ISO 105451423. Significance and Use3.1 The abrasion resistance of tile surfaces is determined byrotation of an abrasive load on the surface and
6、 the assessmentof the resultant wear by means of visual comparison of theabraded test specimens and nonabraded tiles. A staining agentin light oil may be used to help determine whether abrasionsurface is likely to result in mechanical entrapment of dirtparticles.4. Abrasive Load4.1 The total load on
7、 each test specimen consists of thefollowing:4.1.1 Grade 25 chrome steel balls of various diameters:4.1.1.1 70.0 g of 5-mm diameter steel balls.4.1.1.2 52.5 g of 3-mm diameter steel balls.4.1.1.3 43.75 g of 2-mm diameter steel balls.4.1.1.4 8.75 g of 1-mm diameter steel balls.4.1.2 3.0 g No. 80 grit
8、 aluminum oxide, and4.1.3 20 6 0.5-mL demineralized water.5. Reagents and Apparatus5.1 Abrasion ApparatusThe abrasion apparatus shall con-sist of a steel case with a built-in electrical drive to a horizontalsupporting plate with positions for a maximum of nine testspecimens of dimensions at least 10
9、0 by 100 mm (see Fig. 1),but an apparatus with fewer positions may be used. Thedistance between the center of each position shall be 195 mm.There shall be equal distance between each adjacent position.The supporting plate rotates at 300 revolutions/min with aneccentricity of 22.5 mm so that every pa
10、rt of each testspecimen describes a circular motion of 45-mm diameter. Thetest specimens are held down with the aid of metal holders,which are provided with rubber seals (see Fig. 2). The internaldiameter of the holders is 83 mm, thus providing a test area ofabout 54 cm2. The thickness of the rubber
11、 is 2.5 mm and theheight of the space under the holder is 25.5 mm. The apparatusswitches off automatically after completion of a preset numberof revolutions. The supporting plate with holders and testspecimens should have a cover during operation.5.2 Apparatus for Visual AssessmentA viewing box (see
12、Fig. 3) equipped with fluorescent lighting of color temperature5000 to 6500K placed vertically above the surface to beobserved providing 300-lux illumination. The interior of thebox shall be painted a neutral gray.5.3 Drying Oven, capable of operation at (110 + 5)C.5.4 10 % (v/v) Hydrochloric Acid S
13、olution, prepared byadding 263 mL of 38 % hydrochloric acid to 837 mL ofdistilled or demineralized water.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.06 on Ceramic Tile.Current edition
14、approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyapproved 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C 1027 99.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
15、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Test Specimen6.1 Types of Test SpecimensTest specimens shall be rep-resentative of the sample. Where tiles have different colors ordecorative effects in parts of the surface, care should be takento include all distinctive parts.6.2 The usual facial dimen
16、sions of test specimens are 4 by4 in. (10 by 10 cm). Test specimens with smaller facialdimensions shall be fastened close together on a suitablesupporting material. Edge effects at the narrow joints shall beignored.6.3 Number of Test SpecimensEleven test specimens arerequired. Eight test specimens a
17、lso are required for the visualassessment. The procedure requires one test specimen for eachstage of abrasion, and subsequently, an additional three testspecimens to verify the result at the visual fail point.6.4 PreparationThe surfaces, of the test specimens to betested, are to be clean and dry.7.
18、Procedure7.1 Abrasion ProcedureClamp a metal holder on to theglazed surface of each test specimen on the abrasion apparatus.Introduce the abrasive load, as described in Section 4, into theholder through the hole in its upper surface. The hole may besealed to prevent loss from the abrasive load. The
19、number ofrevolutions of the preset counter for each abrasion stage of thetest is 100, 150, 600, 750, 1500, 2100, 6000, and 12 000.7.1.1 After abrasion, rinse the test specimens under runningwater and dry in the oven at (110 + 5)C. If the test specimensare stained with iron oxide, they may be cleaned
20、 with 10 %(v/v) hydrochloric acid, as described in 5.4, before rinsingunder running water and drying.7.1.2 Evaluation of Surface AbrasionFor visual compari-son, a viewing box, as described in 5.2, shall be used (see Fig.3). The eight unabraded tile should be cleaned with a soft dampcloth to remove s
21、urface dust and after air drying should beplaced in a hollow square pattern in the viewing box. Theabraded tile should be placed in the center of the hollow squareand the array of tile should be directly viewed from approxi-mately 2 m (6.5 ft) at an angle of approximately 40. The arrayshould not be
22、viewed for more than 10 s to avoid a studiedobservation of the surface. The lowest number of abradingcycles that show an apparent visual difference between theabrading tile and the unabraded tile shall be recorded.7.1.3 The result is verified by retesting at the abrasion stagewhen failure is observe
23、d and the next higher and lowerabrasion stages. If the result is not the same, the lower of thetwo abrasion stages shall be used to decide the classification.Abraded tiles, which have passed 1500, 2100, and 6000revolution stages subsequently may be tested for stain resis-tance in accordance with the
24、 staining procedure in 7.2 (basedon ISO 10545-14, pastes only) at which visual failure occurred.The abraded tile which has passed the 12 000 revolutions stage,subsequently shall be tested for stain resistance in accordancewith the staining procedure in following section (based on ISO10545-14).7.1.4
25、After use, the metal bases and chrome steel ballbearings should be cleaned with water followed by methylatedspirits and then thoroughly dried to prevent rusting.7.2 Cleaning ProcedureThe resistance to staining of theabraded tile surfaces is determined by maintaining test solu-tions and materials in
26、contact with the proper surface of thetiles for a suitable length of time; the surface are then subjectedto defined cleaning methods, and finally, inspected for visualchange.7.2.1 Test SpecimensOnly one abraded tile is required foreach of the abrasion stages to be tested.7.2.2 Staining AgentsGreen s
27、taining agent in light oil3and red staining agent in light oil4(for green-colored tile only).7.2.3 Cleaning Agents:7.2.3.1 Hot Water.7.2.3.2 Weak Cleaning Agent, a commercial agent, notcontaining abrasive, with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5.7.2.3.3 Strong Cleaning Agent, a commercial cleaning agentcontaining a
28、brasive, with a pH of 9 to 10.7.2.4 Suggested Solvents:7.2.4.1 3 % (v/v) HCl Solution, prepared from 38 % hydro-chloric acid by adding 79 mL of the reagent hydrochloric acidsolution to 951 mL of distilled water.7.2.4.2 20 % KOH Solution (200 g/L), prepared by dissolv-ing 200 g of 90 % potassium hydr
29、oxide crystals in 1 L of water.7.2.4.3 Acetone, technical grade.7.3 Application of the Staining AgentLightly rub three tofour drops of the staining agent paste on the abraded surfaceand cover with a 30-mm convex watch glass to allow thestaining agent to spread in a circular pattern. Allow the staini
30、ngagent to remain in contact with the abraded tile surface for 24h.7.4 Cleaning Procedure:3Green staining agent is a paste consisting of 40 % by mass commercial gradeof chrome oxide, Cr2O3(95 % + chrome oxide) of the following approximateparticle size distribution, suspended in propanetriol monodeca
31、noate dioctanoateavailable as Myritol 318 from Henkel. Premixed staining agent is available fromGabrielli, PO Box 218, Sesto Fiorentiono 50019, Italy.%12 000 and pass staining test Class VC 1027 99 (2004)3FIG. 1 Top View of the Abrasion TesterC 1027 99 (2004)4FIG. 2 Side View of the Abrasion TesterN
32、OTE 1Box 24 by 24 by 24 in. (61 by 61 by 61 cm). Plan 24 by 24in. (61 by 61 cm). Light source screened to avoid direct viewing, 300-luxillumination on the tiles, inner faces of box painted gray.FIG. 3 Viewing Box SetupC 1027 99 (2004)5ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of a
33、ny patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to re
34、vision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. You
35、r comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copy
36、righted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 1027 99 (2004)6
