1、Designation: C1027 09Standard Test Method forDetermining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed CeramicTile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is designed to measure the resistance oftile surfaces to visible surface abrasion. Certain irregularsurfac
3、es may not be evaluated properly by this test methodbecause of wear patterns.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This procedure does not make provisions for the appar-ent difference in abrasion values between
4、 light and darkcolored tile.1.4 This procedure does not optimally evaluate loss of glosswith abrasion.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and he
5、alth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ISO Standard:ISO 105451423. Significance and Use3.1 The abrasion resistance of tile surfaces is determined byrotation of an abrasive load on the surface and the assessmentof the resultan
6、t wear by means of visual comparison of theabraded test specimens and nonabraded tiles. A staining agentin light oil may be used to help determine whether abrasionsurface is likely to result in mechanical entrapment of dirtparticles.4. Abrasive Load4.1 The total load on each test specimen consists o
7、f thefollowing:4.1.1 Grade 25 chrome steel balls of various diameters:4.1.1.1 70.0 g of 5-mm diameter steel balls.4.1.1.2 52.5 g of 3-mm diameter steel balls.4.1.1.3 43.75 g of 2-mm diameter steel balls.4.1.1.4 8.75 g of 1-mm diameter steel balls.4.1.2 3.0 g No. 80 grit aluminum oxide, and4.1.3 20 6
8、 0.5-mL demineralized water.5. Reagents and Apparatus5.1 Abrasion ApparatusThe abrasion apparatus shall con-sist of a steel case with a built-in electrical drive to a horizontalsupporting plate with positions for a maximum of nine testspecimens of dimensions at least 100 by 100 mm (see Fig. 1),but a
9、n apparatus with fewer positions may be used. Thedistance between the center of each position shall be 195 mm.There shall be equal distance between each adjacent position.The supporting plate rotates at 300 revolutions/min with aneccentricity of 22.5 mm so that every part of each testspecimen descri
10、bes a circular motion of 45-mm diameter. Thetest specimens are held down with the aid of metal holders,which are provided with rubber seals (see Fig. 2). The internaldiameter of the holders is 83 mm, thus providing a test area ofabout 54 cm2. The thickness of the rubber is 2.5 mm and theheight of th
11、e space under the holder is 25.5 mm. The apparatusswitches off automatically after completion of a preset numberof revolutions. The supporting plate with holders and testspecimens should have a cover during operation.5.2 Apparatus for Visual AssessmentA viewing box (seeFig. 3) equipped with fluoresc
12、ent lighting of color temperature5000 to 6500K placed vertically above the surface to beobserved providing 300-lux illumination. The interior of thebox shall be painted a neutral gray.5.3 Drying Oven, capable of operation at (110 + 5)C.5.4 10 % (v/v) Hydrochloric Acid Solution, prepared byadding 263
13、 mL of 38 % hydrochloric acid to 837 mL ofdistilled or demineralized water.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.06 on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2009. Publish
14、ed February 2010. Originallyapproved 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1027 99(2004). DOI:10.1520/C1027-09.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
15、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Test Specimen6.1 Types of Test SpecimensTest specimens shall be rep-resentative of the sample. Where tiles have different colors ordecorative effects in parts of the surface, care should be takento include all distinctive parts.6.2 T
16、he usual facial dimensions of test specimens are 10 cmby 10 cm, but any size that fits securely in the apparatus shallsuffice (for example, a common “four by four” in. tile shallsuffice). Test specimens with smaller facial dimensions shall befastened close together on a suitable supporting material.
17、 Edgeeffects at the narrow joints shall be ignored.6.3 Number of Test SpecimensEleven test specimens arerequired. Eight test specimens also are required for the visualassessment. The procedure requires one test specimen for eachstage of abrasion, and subsequently, an additional three testspecimens t
18、o verify the result at the visual fail point.6.4 PreparationThe surfaces, of the test specimens to betested, are to be clean and dry.7. Procedure7.1 Abrasion ProcedureClamp a metal holder on to theglazed surface of each test specimen on the abrasion apparatus.Introduce the abrasive load, as describe
19、d in Section 4, into theholder through the hole in its upper surface. The hole may besealed to prevent loss from the abrasive load. The number ofrevolutions of the preset counter for each abrasion stage of thetest is 100, 150, 600, 750, 1500, 2100, 6000, and 12 000.7.1.1 After abrasion, rinse the te
20、st specimens under runningwater and dry in the oven at (110 + 5)C. If the test specimensare stained with iron oxide, they may be cleaned with 10 %(v/v) hydrochloric acid, as described in 5.4, before rinsingunder running water and drying.7.1.2 Evaluation of Surface AbrasionFor visual compari-son, a v
21、iewing box, as described in 5.2, shall be used (see Fig.3). The eight unabraded tile should be cleaned with a soft dampcloth to remove surface dust and after air drying should beplaced in a hollow square pattern in the viewing box. Theabraded tile should be placed in the center of the hollow squarea
22、nd the array of tile should be directly viewed from approxi-mately 2 m at an angle of approximately 40. The array shouldnot be viewed for more than 10 s to avoid a studied observationof the surface. The lowest number of abrading cycles that showan apparent visual difference between the abrading tile
23、 and theunabraded tile shall be recorded.7.1.3 The result is verified by retesting at the abrasion stagewhen failure is observed and the next higher and lowerabrasion stages. If the result is not the same, the lower of thetwo abrasion stages shall be used to decide the classification.Abraded tiles,
24、which have passed 1500, 2100, and 6000revolution stages subsequently may be tested for stain resis-tance in accordance with the staining procedure in 7.2 (basedon ISO 10545-14, pastes only) at which visual failure occurred.The abraded tile which has passed the 12 000 revolutions stage,subsequently s
25、hall be tested for stain resistance in accordancewith the staining procedure in following section (based on ISO10545-14).7.1.4 After use, the metal bases and chrome steel ballbearings should be cleaned with water followed by methylatedspirits and then thoroughly dried to prevent rusting.7.2 Cleaning
26、 ProcedureThe resistance to staining of theabraded tile surfaces is determined by maintaining test solu-tions and materials in contact with the proper surface of thetiles for a suitable length of time; the surface are then subjectedto defined cleaning methods, and finally, inspected for visualchange
27、.7.2.1 Test SpecimensOnly one abraded tile is required foreach of the abrasion stages to be tested.7.2.2 Staining AgentsGreen staining agent in light oil3and red staining agent in light oil4(for green-colored tile only).7.2.3 Cleaning Agents:7.2.3.1 Hot Water.7.2.3.2 Weak Cleaning Agent, a commercia
28、l agent, notcontaining abrasive, with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5.7.2.3.3 Strong Cleaning Agent, a commercial cleaning agentcontaining abrasive, with a pH of 9 to 10.7.2.4 Suggested Solvents:7.2.4.1 3 % (v/v) HCl Solution, prepared from 38 % hydro-chloric acid by adding 79 mL of the reagent hydrochloric acid
29、solution to 951 mL of distilled water.3Green staining agent is a paste consisting of 40 % by mass commercial gradeof chrome oxide, Cr2O3(95 % + chrome oxide) of the following approximateparticle size distribution, suspended in propanetriol monodecanoate dioctanoateavailable as Myritol 318 from Henke
30、l.The sole source of supply of Myritol 318 known to the committee at this time isHenkel Corp., 300 Brookside Ave., Ambler, PA 19002. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meet
31、ing of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.%12 000 and pass staining test Class VC1027 093FIG. 1 Top View of the Abrasion TesterC1027 094FIG. 2 Side View of the Abrasion TesterNOTE 1Box 61 by 61 by 61 cm. Plan 61 by 61 cm. Light sourcescreened to avoid direct viewing, 300-lux il
32、lumination on the tiles, innerfaces of box painted gray.FIG. 3 Viewing Box SetupC1027 095ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination o
33、f the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.
34、 Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comm
35、ents have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or
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