1、Designation: C 1054 03Standard Practice forPressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming MixSpecimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1054; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the pressing and drying of chemi-cally and nonchemically bonded aluminum-silicate and highalumina pl
3、astic and ramming mix refractory specimens classi-fied in accordance with Classification C 673.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
4、 if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 16 Test Method of Load Testing Refractory B
5、rick at HighTemperatures2C 20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorp-tion, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density ofBurned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water2C 113 Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick2C 133 Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modu-lus of
6、 Rupture of Refractories2C 179 Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change ofRefractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens2C 181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay andHigh-Alumina Plastic Refractories2C 288 Test Method for Disintegration of Refractories in anAtmosphere of Carbon Monoxi
7、de2C 417 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of UnfiredMonolithic Refractories2C 577 Test Method for Permeability of Refractories2C 583 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of RefractoryMaterials at Elevated Temperatures2C 673 Classification of Fireclay and High-Alumina PlasticRefractories and Rammin
8、g Mixes2C 704 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of RefractoryMaterials at Room Temperature2C 830 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorp-tion, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density ofRefractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure2C 832 Test Method of Measuring the Thermal Expansionand Creep
9、of Refractories Under Load2C 874 Practice for Rotary Slag Testing of Refractory Mate-rials2C 885 Test Method for Youngs Modulus of RefractoryShapes by Sonic Resonance2C 914 Test Method for Bulk Density and Volume of SolidRefractories by Wax Immersion23. Significance and Use3.1 This practice is usefu
10、l for producing uniform specimensof refractory plastics and ramming mixes for use in standardASTM tests. Samples thus formed may be used for refereetesting when setting specifications between producer and user.Forming parameters such as sample size, workability, andforming pressure should be agreed
11、upon and specified in thereport when referee testing.3.2 This practice is applicable for preparing test specimensof various sizes. Note that 9 by 412 by 212 in. (228 by 114 by64-mm) samples, because of their large cross-section, have agreater tendency to form flaws during pressing, handling, anddryi
12、ng than smaller cross-sectional samples.3.3 Other tests for which these specimens may be usedencompass, but are not limited to, the following ASTMstandards: Method C 16, Test Methods C 20, Test MethodC 113, Test Methods C 133, Test Method C 179, Test MethodC 288, Test Method C 417, Test Method C 577
13、, Test MethodC 583, Test Method C 704, Test Methods C 830, Test MethodC 832, Practice C 874, Test Method C 885, and Test MethodC 914.3.4 A purpose of this practice is to minimize flaws inpressed specimens. It is not intended to duplicate all fieldinstallation conditions.1This practice is under the j
14、urisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractoriesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithics .Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as C 1054 85 (1995).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards
15、, Vol 15.01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.5 Variations in workability as determined by Test MethodC 181 can significantly affect the number of flaws contained ina specimen. For comparison testing between two labor
16、atories,the workability level should be established by mutual agree-ment.3.6 This practice is not intended for preparing specimens ofbasic ramming mixes, anhydrous tap-hole mixes, nor resinbonded mixes.4. Apparatus4.1 Power Press, preferably of the hydraulic type, equippedwith suitable molds for for
17、ming specimens of the required size(Note 1). The press should be capable of a minimum of 1500psi (10.34 MPa) pressure when forming the largest cross-sectional area specimen.NOTE 1It may be advisable to have the molds slightly oversized sothat, after drying, the specimens will be close to the require
18、d size for thespecific test.4.2 Drying Oven, preferably forced-draft rather than naturalconvection, capable of reaching 230F (110C) with a capacityto hold ten 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick.4.3 Balance, 15 lb (6.8 kg) capacity with sensitivity of 0.02lb (9 g).4.4 Thermometer, with a range of 0 to 180
19、 6 0.1F (18to 80C 6 0.05C).4.5 Measuring Device, a 12-in. (305-mm) graduated in0.02-in. (0.5-mm) increments.4.6 Mold LubricantEither paraffin or silicone-based oilscan be used as a parting agent for coating mold and diesurfaces.4.7 Non-Porous Blocks(Two required)12-in. (13-mm)thick. The cross-sectio
20、nal dimensions of these pieces will vary,depending on the side dimensions of the bar being pressed.5. Sampling5.1 The container or package should not be opened prior totesting to ensure that the contents do not dry out.5.2 At the time of the test, the sample should be between 65and 75F (18 and 24C).
21、 Measure the temperature by insertingthe full length of the thermometer stem into the material. Noteand record temperature when the reading is constant.6. Procedure6.1 Workability Index Measurement (Note 2)Determineand report workability of plastics at the time of pressing inaccordance with the proc
22、edure described in Test Method C 181(Note 3).NOTE 2A workability index between 17 and 23 is the optimum rangefor pressing samples with a minimum amount of flaws. If higherworkability material is used in referee tests between two or morelaboratories, the workability should be the same, (63 %), for th
23、e materialbeing tested.NOTE 3Since no suitable standard test exists for gaging the workabil-ity of ramming mixes, participants in a referee test should agree thatsamples of similar formability are being tested.6.2 Molding of SpecimensUse the power press to form thetest specimens. In order to facilit
24、ate filling the mold, break thematerial into pieces that vary in size, the largest dimensionbeing 1-in. (25-mm). Carefully pack these pieces into the mold,in order to achieve uniform distribution of material.6.2.1 Do not expose the material being pressed to theatmosphere for periods longer than 15 m
25、in. Cover with animpermeable material if longer periods of air exposure areexpected (Note 4).NOTE 4Exposure in air may lead to a change in workability.6.3 Pressing of SpecimensApply a pressure sufficient toachieve a well-consolidated specimen (typically 750 to 1250psi (5.17 to 8.62 MPa) for plastics
26、, higher pressures may benecessary for ramming mixes) (Note 5). This pressure shouldnot be so high that a portion of the mix is forced out of themold by extrusion through the clearance space located betweenthe plunger of the mold and the walls of the die cavity (Note 6).To eliminate possible entrapp
27、ed air, apply an initial load ofapproximately 250 psi (1.72 MPa). Relieve this pressure, andthen increase to the selected pressure.NOTE 5Single- and double-action presses may produce differingdegrees of consolidation when pressing some ramming mixes.NOTE 6The total clearance space between the plunge
28、r and the wallsshould not exceed116 in. (1.6 mm).6.4 Removal of Specimens from MoldWhen removing thebar specimen from the mold, use the two support pieces againstthe sides of the bar (as shown in Fig. 1) in order to pick up thebar and move it subsequently for measuring, weighing, anddrying (Note 7).
29、NOTE 7Use of the supports uniformly distributes the force of grippingthe bar and prevents the bar from flexing during the critical handling stage.This prevents a major source of induced flaws (cracks) that cause damageto the bar. Bars made from high workability plastics are especiallysusceptible to
30、this damage. Distortion of the samples may also be causedby handling.6.5 Measurement of Weight and DimensionsImmediatelyupon removal from the mold, place each bar on the balance(using waxed paper to prevent sticking to the pan surface) andweigh to the nearest 0.02 lb (9 g). With the steel rule, meas
31、ureNOTE 1Two support pieces are used against the sides of the barduring the lifting and moving operation to prevent flexing.FIG. 1 Removal of Specimen from MoldC1054032the bar (5.2 of Test Method C 179) for all dimensions to thenearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and record the results. Label andmake referenc
32、e marks to indicate the exact length measurementpoints (Note 8).6.6 Drying of Specimens:6.6.1 Placement in DryerUsing the handling proceduredescribed in 6.4, move the bars to the dryer and place on anon-stick ventilated surface (Note 8).NOTE 8Plastic film or waterproof paper is not recommended for t
33、hissurface. They inhibit movement of moisture out of the bottom of the bar.Flat expanded metal grids, ceramic fiber paper, or similar materials arepreferred because they do not act as vapor barriers.6.6.2 Standard Drying Schedule(Note 9):6.6.2.1 Drying Step (230F (110C)Raise the tempera-ture of the
34、drying oven to 230F (110C) in 1 h. Hold for atleast 18 h.NOTE 9This drying schedule described in 6.6.2.1 is suitable forplastics and ramming mixes utilizing clay and /or organic or inorganicchemical binder systems and many plastic and ramming mixes based onphosphate binder systems. If excessive flaw
35、s are found after dryingphosphate bonded plastics and ramming mixes, one of the alternate dryingprocedures outlined in 6.6.3 which have been found effective in minimiz-ing flaws should be used.6.6.3 Alternate Drying Procedures, Phosphate-Bonded Ma-terials:6.6.3.1 Alternate Procedure 1Immediately aft
36、er formingand measuring the specimen, place on a wire or metal meshgrid and allow the specimen to air dry for a minimum of 24 h.The wire or metal mesh grid should also be of sufficientstrength and supported so as to not bend or sag under theweight of the specimens. The wire or metal mesh grid should
37、be supported a minimum of 1-in. (25-mm) above the table topto allow air circulation. After the air drying is complete, theprocedure outlined in 6.6.2.1 can be followed.6.6.3.2 Alternate Procedure 2Immediately after formingand measuring the specimen, place in the oven and raise thetemperature of the
38、drying oven from ambient to 170F (75C)in 1 h. Hold at least 12 h. Raise the temperature of the dryingoven to 230F (110C) in 1 h. Hold for at least 18 h.6.6.4 CoolingCool the bars at the natural cooling rate ofthe drying oven.6.7 Measurement of Weight and Dimensions of the DriedSpecimensAfter the bar
39、s are dried, remeasure and reweighthem at room temperature as described in 6.5 and record thedata.NOTE 10Storage of SpecimenIf more than 8 h will elapse beforeother tests described in 3.3 are performed on the bars, they should be keptdry by replacing them in a drying oven, sealing them in plastic ba
40、gs, orsome other suitable procedure.7. Report7.1 Report the workability and material temperature at timeof test, pressing pressure used, drying schedule used, green anddried specimen size and weight.7.2 Identify by a suitable marking the original pressedsurface of the specimen.7.3 Referee testing sh
41、ould specify the exact procedure usedby both parties.8. Precision and Bias8.1 This practice is intended to prepare test specimens fortesting under other procedures. Therefore, no statement isrequired regarding test results, only information on the speci-men preparation parameters used.9. Keywords9.1
42、 drying; forming; pressing; refractory plastics; refractoryramming mixesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of
43、 any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments ar
44、e invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not rec
45、eived a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C1054033
