1、Designation: C1054 13Standard Practice forPressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming MixSpecimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1054; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the pressing and drying of chemi-cally and non-chemically bonded alumin-silicate and highalumina plasti
3、c and ramming mix refractory specimens classi-fied in accordance with Classification C673.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if a
4、ny, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C179 Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Cha
5、nge ofRefractory Plastic and Ramming Mix SpecimensC181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay andHigh-Alumina Refractory PlasticsC673 Classification of Fireclay and High-Alumina PlasticRefractories and Ramming Mixes3. Significance and Use3.1 This practice is useful for producing uniform speci
6、mensof refractory plastics and ramming mixes for use in standardASTM tests. Samples thus formed may be used for refereetesting when setting specifications between producer and user.Establish by mutual agreement and specify in the report theforming parameters such as sample size, workability, andform
7、ing pressure when referee testing.3.2 This practice is applicable for preparing test specimensof various sizes. Note that 9 by 412 by 212 in. (228 by 114 by64-mm) samples, because of their large cross-section, have agreater tendency to form flaws during pressing, handling, anddrying than smaller cro
8、ss-sectional samples.3.3 The purpose of this practice is to minimize flaws inpressed specimens. It is not intended to duplicate all fieldinstallation conditions.3.4 Variations in workability as determined by Test MethodC181 can significantly affect the number of flaws contained ina specimen. Establi
9、sh by mutual agreement the workabilitylevel when comparing tests between two laboratories.3.5 This practice is not intended for preparing specimens ofbasic ramming mixes, anhydrous tap-hole mixes, nor resinbonded mixes.4. Apparatus4.1 Power Press, preferably of the hydraulic type, equippedwith suita
10、ble molds for forming specimens of the required size(Note 1) and capable of pressing to a minimum of 1500 psi(10.34 MPa) pressure when forming the largest cross-sectionalarea specimen.NOTE 1It may be advisable to have the molds slightly oversized sothat, after drying, the specimens will be close to
11、the required size for thespecific test.4.2 Drying Oven, preferably forced-draft rather than naturalconvection, capable of maintaining 230F (110C) with acapacity to hold the specimens.4.3 Balance, sufficient capacity to measure specimens withsensitivity of 0.02 lb (9 g).4.4 Thermometer, with a range
12、of 0 to 180 6 0.1F (18to 80C 6 0.05C).4.5 Linear Measuring Device, capable of being read to0.02-in. (0.5-mm) .4.6 Mold LubricantEither paraffin or silicone-based oilscan be used as a parting agent for coating mold and diesurfaces.4.7 Two Non-Porous Blocks, approximately12-in. (13-mm)thick. The cross
13、-sectional dimensions of these pieces will vary,depending on the side dimensions of the bar being pressed.1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C08 on Refractoriesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithics.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Publis
14、hed June 2013. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1054 03 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/C1054-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, re
15、fer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Sampling5.1 Keep the container or package unopened until testing toensure the sample does not dry out.5.2 The ideal sampl
16、e test temperature is between 65 and75F (18 and 24C). Measure the temperature by inserting thefull length of the thermometer stem into the material. Note andrecord temperature when the reading is constant.6. Procedure6.1 Workability Index Measurement (Note 2)Determineand report workability of plasti
17、cs at the time of pressing inaccordance with the procedure described in Test Method C181(Note 3).NOTE 2A workability index between 17 and 23 is the optimum rangefor pressing samples with a minimum amount of flaws. If higherworkability material is used in referee tests between two or morelaboratories
18、, the workability should be the same, (63 %), for the materialbeing tested.NOTE 3Since no suitable standard test exists for gaging the workabil-ity of ramming mixes, participants in a referee test should agree thatsamples of similar formability are being tested.6.2 Filling the Mold SpecimensUse the
19、power press toform the test specimens. In order to facilitate filling the mold,break the material into pieces that vary in size, the largestdimension being 1-in. (25-mm). Carefully pack these piecesinto the mold, in order to achieve uniform distribution ofmaterial.6.2.1 Do not expose the material be
20、ing pressed to theatmosphere for periods longer than 15 min. Cover with animpermeable material if longer periods of air exposure areexpected (Note 4).NOTE 4Exposure in air may lead to a change in workability.6.3 Pressing of SpecimensApply a pressure sufficient toachieve a well-consolidated specimen
21、(typically 750 to 1250psi (5.17 to 8.62 MPa) for plastics, higher pressures may benecessary for ramming mixes) (Note 5). Avoid excessivepressure which forces a portion of the mix out of the mold byextrusion through the clearance space located between theplunger of the mold and the walls of the die c
22、avity (Note 6). Toeliminate possible entrapped air, apply an initial load ofapproximately 250 psi (1.72 MPa). Relieve this pressure, andthen increase to the selected pressure.NOTE 5Single- and double-action presses may produce differingdegrees of consolidation when pressing some ramming mixes.NOTE 6
23、The total clearance space between the plunger and the wallsshould not exceed116 in. (1.6 mm).6.4 Removal of Specimens from MoldWhen removing thespecimen from the mold, use the two support pieces against thesides of the specimen (as shown in Fig. 1) in order to pick upthe bar and move it subsequently
24、 for measuring, weighing, anddrying (Note 7).NOTE 7Use of the supports uniformly distributes the force of grippingthe bar and prevents the specimen from flexing during the critical handlingstage. This prevents a major source of induced flaws (cracks) that causedamage to the specimen. Specimens made
25、from high workability plasticsare especially susceptible to this damage. Distortion of the specimen mayalso be caused by handling.6.5 Measurement of Weight and DimensionsImmediatelyupon removal from the mold, place each bar on the balance(using waxed paper to prevent sticking to the pan surface) and
26、weigh to the nearest 0.02 lb (9 g). With the linear measuringdevice, measure the specimen (5.2 of Test Method C179) forall dimensions to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and record theresults. Label and make reference marks to indicate the exactlength measurement points.6.6 Drying of Specimens:6.6.1 St
27、andard Drying ScheduleImmediately aftermeasuring, use the handling procedure described in 6.4,tomove the bars to a non-stick ventilated surface (Note 8) andallow the specimen to air dry for a minimum of 15 h. Thedrying surface will be of sufficient strength and supported so asto not bend or sag unde
28、r the weight of the specimens. If usinga wire or metal mesh grid, support it a minimum of 1-in.(25-mm) above the table top to allow air circulation. After theair drying is complete, place in dryer and raise the temperatureof the drying oven to 230F (110C) in 1 h. Hold for at least 15h.NOTE 8Plastic
29、film or waterproof paper is not recommended for thissurface. They inhibit movement of moisture out of the bottom of the bar.Flat expanded metal grids, ceramic fiber paper, or similar materials arepreferred because they do not act as vapor barriers.6.6.2 Alternate Drying ProceduresImmediately after m
30、ea-suring the specimen, place in the oven and raise the tempera-ture of the drying oven from ambient to 170F (75C) in 1 h.Hold at least 12 h. Raise the temperature of the drying oven to230F (110C) in 1 h. Hold for at least 15 h.6.6.3 CoolingCool the bars to room temperature.6.7 Measurement of Weight
31、 and Dimensions of the DriedSpecimensRemeasure and reweigh the specimens at roomtemperature as described in 6.5 and record the data.NOTE 9Storage of Specimen If more than 8 h will elapse beforetests are performed on the bars, keep them dry by replacing them in aTwo support pieces are used against th
32、e sides of the bar during the lifting andmoving operation to prevent flexing.FIG. 1 Removal of Specimen from MoldC1054 132drying oven, sealing them in plastic bags, or some other suitableprocedure.7. Report7.1 Report the workability and material temperature at timeof test, pressing pressure used, dr
33、ying schedule used, green anddried specimen size and weight.7.2 Identify by a suitable marking the original pressedsurface of the specimen.7.3 Referee testing specifying the exact procedure used byboth parties.8. Precision and Bias8.1 This practice is intended to prepare test specimens fortesting un
34、der other procedures. Therefore, no statement isrequired regarding test results, only information on the speci-men preparation parameters used.9. Keywords9.1 drying; forming; pressing; refractory plastics; refractoryramming mixesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any pat
35、ent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision
36、 at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comm
37、ents will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighte
38、d by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C1054 133
