1、Designation: C1060 11aStandard Practice forThermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations inEnvelope Cavities of Frame Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is a guide to the proper use of infraredimaging systems for conducting qualitativ
3、e thermal inspectionsof building walls, ceilings, roofs, and floors, framed in wood ormetal, that contain insulation in the spaces between framingmembers. This procedure allows the detection of cavitieswhere insulation is inadequate or missing and allows identifi-cation of areas with apparently adeq
4、uate insulation.1.2 This practice offers reliable means for detecting sus-pected missing insulation. It also offers the possibility ofdetecting partial-thickness insulation, improperly installed in-sulation, or insulation damaged in service. Proof of missinginsulation or a malfunctioning envelope re
5、quires independentvalidation. Validation techniques, such as visual inspection orin-situ R-value measurement, are beyond the scope of thispractice.1.3 This practice is limited to frame construction eventhough thermography is used on all building types. (ISO 6781)1.4 Instrumentation and calibration r
6、equired under a varietyof environmental conditions are described. Instrumentationrequirements and measurement procedures are considered forinspections from both inside and outside the structure. Eachvantage point offers visual access to areas hidden from theother side.1.5 The values stated in inch-p
7、ound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is ther
8、esponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Note 1 and Note 3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C168 Terminology Rela
9、ting to Thermal InsulationE1213 Test Method for Minimum Resolvable TemperatureDifference for Thermal Imaging Systems2.2 ISO Standards3ISO 6781 :1983 Thermal InsulationQualitative detectionof Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes Infra-red Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions pertain
10、ing to insulation are de-fined in Terminology C168.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 anomalous thermal imagean observed thermal pat-tern of a structure that is not in accordance with the expectedthermal pattern.3.2.2 envelopethe construction, taken as a whole or inpart, that s
11、eparates the indoors of a building from the outdoors.3.2.3 field-of-view (FOV)the total angular dimensions,expressed in degrees or radians, within which objects can beimaged, displayed, and recorded by a stationary imagingdevice.3.2.4 framing spacingdistance between the centerlines ofjoists, studs,
12、or rafters.3.2.5 infrared imaging systeman instrument that convertsthe spatial variations in infrared radiance from a surface into atwo-dimensional image of that surface, in which variations inradiance are displayed as a range of colors or tones.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commi
13、ttee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on ThermalMeasurement.Current edition approved March 15, 2011. Published March 2011. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1060 11. DOI:10.1520/C1060-11A.2For referenced ASTM standa
14、rds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-C
15、reuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.6 infrared thermographythe process of generatingthermal images that represent temperature and emittance var
16、ia-tions over the surfaces of objects.3.2.7 masonry veneerframe construction with a non-loadbearing exterior masonry surface.3.2.8 measurement spatial resolution (IFOVmeas)Thesmallest target spot size on which an infrared imager willproduce a measurement, expresses in terms of angular sub-tense.3.2.
17、9 spatial resolutionthe spot size in terms of workingdistance.3.2.10 thermal patterna representation of colors or tonesthat indicate surface temperature and emittance variation.3.2.11 thermograma recorded image that maps the appar-ent temperature pattern of an object or scene into a correspond-ing c
18、ontrast or color pattern.3.2.12 zonea volume of building served by a singleventilation system. For buildings with natural ventilation only,the whole building shall be considered a zone with all interiordoors open.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice is a guide to the proper use of infraredimaging
19、 systems for conducting qualitative thermal inspectionsof building walls, ceilings, roofs, and floors, framed in wood ormetal, that contain insulation in the spaces between framingmembers. Imaging system performance is defined in terms ofspatial and measurement resolution as well as thermal sensi-ti
20、vity. Conditions under which information is to be collectedand compiled in a report are specified. Adherence to thisstandard practice requires a final report of the investigation.This practice defines the contents of the report.5. Significance and Use5.1 Although infrared imaging systems have the po
21、tential todetermine many factors concerning the thermal performance ofa wall, roof, floor, or ceiling, the emphasis in this practice is ondetermining whether insulation is missing or whether aninsulation installation is malfunctioning. Anomalous thermalimages from other apparent causes are not requi
22、red to berecorded; however, if recorded as supplemental information,their interpretation is capable of requiring procedures andtechniques not presented in this practice.6. Instrumentation Requirements6.1 Environmental FactorsThe environment has a signifi-cant impact on the heat flow through the enve
23、lope. As a result,the requirements on thermal imaging instrumentation vary withthe interior to exterior air temperature gradient for both interiorand exterior inspections and also vary with wind speed forexterior inspections.6.2 Infrared Imaging System PerformanceThe ability ofan observer to detect
24、thermal anomalies depends on theimagers powers of thermal and spatial resolution. The practi-cal test for these qualities is whether the operator is able todistinguish the framing from the envelope cavities under theprevailing thermal conditions with the infrared imaging systemat a distance that per
25、mits recognition of thermal anomalies. Forplanning an equipment purchase or a site visit, the followingqualities shall be considered: The minimum resolvable tem-perature difference (MRTD) defines temperature resolution.Instantaneous field of view (IFOV) is an indicator of spatialresolution. Appendix
26、 X1 explains how to calculate IFOV andhow to measure MRTD.6.2.1 Spectral RangeThe infrared thermal imaging sys-tem shall operate within a spectral range between 2 and 14 m.6.2.2 Field of View (FOV)The critical minimum dimen-sions for discriminating missing insulation in frame construc-tion is two fr
27、aming spacings wide and one framing spacinghigh. Outdoors, it is typically convenient to view at least onefloor-to-ceiling height across and one-half that distance high.The FOV of the chosen imaging system should encompassthese minimum dimensions from the chosen indoor viewingdistance, di, and outdo
28、or viewing distance, do. For planningpurposes, the angular value of FOV shall be calculated foreither d (m) by the following equations:FOVvertical$2 tan21h/2d! (1)FOVhorizontal$2 tan21w/2d! (2)where:h = vertical distance viewed, m, andw = horizontal distance viewed, m.7. Knowledge Requirement7.1 Thi
29、s practice requires operation of the imaging systemand interpretation of the data obtained. When qualified, thesame person has the option of performing both functions. Theoperator of the infrared imaging system shall have thoroughknowledge of its use through training, the manufacturersmanuals, or bo
30、th. The interpreter of the thermographic datashall be knowledgeable about heat transfer through buildingenvelopes and about thermography, including the effects ofstored heat, wind, and surface moisture.7.2 The instrument shall be operated in accordance with thepublished instructions of the manufactu
31、rer.8. Preferred Conditions8.1 The criterion for satisfactory thermal conditions is theability to distinguish framing members from cavities. Appen-dix X2 gives some guidelines for determining whether theweather conditions are likely to be suitable.9. Procedure9.1 Preliminary InspectionA preliminary
32、thermographicinspection may be performed to determine whether a thoroughinspection, and report, is warranted.9.2 Background InformationPrepare for the report bycollecting information on the building. In order to evaluate thestructure, collect the following preliminary data where practi-cal and neces
33、sary:9.2.1 Note each type of building cross section, using visualinspection, construction drawings, or both, to determine whatthermal patterns to expect.9.2.2 Additions or modifications to the structure.9.2.3 Thermal problems reported by the building owner/occupant.C1060 11a29.2.4 Note differences i
34、n surface materials or conditions thatwill affect emittance, for example, metallic finishes, polishedsurfaces, stains, or moisture. Such differences in emittancecause thermal patterns that are independent of temperaturedifferences.9.2.5 Orientation of the building with respect to the pointsof the co
35、mpass.9.2.6 Heat sources, such as light fixtures, mounted in orclose to the exterior or interior of the envelope.9.3 Performing On-Site Equipment Check and Settings:9.3.1 Set the instrument gain or contrast to allow theobserver to distinguish a framing member from the envelopearea around it. In addi
36、tion, set the imagers thermal level orbrightness so that any anomalies or areas to which they arereferenced are not in saturation (maximum brightness or white)or in suppression (minimum brightness or black) on thedisplay.9.3.2 Verify proper operation of the recording system, ifany.9.3.3 Make a sketc
37、h or photograph of each envelope areawith references for locating framing members.9.4 Performing the Inspection:9.4.1 A complete thermographic inspection of a buildingwill consist of an exterior or interior inspection of the completeenvelope, or both. Both types of inspection are recommendedbecause
38、each offers access to areas that are difficult for theother.9.4.2 Inspect all surfaces of interest from an angle as closeto normal to the surface as possible, but at least at an angle thatpermits distinguishing framing members. Make inspectionsfrom several angles, perpendicular, if possible, and at
39、twoopposite oblique angles in order to detect the presence ofreflected radiation.9.4.3 Inspect from a position that allows a field of view thatencompasses at least two framing spacings wide and oneframing spacing high for an interior inspection and a floor-to-ceiling height wide and one-half that di
40、stance high for anexterior inspection.9.4.4 Effective corrective action requires a precise definitionof the areas with apparent defects. Record each anomaly withannotation regarding the location of all recognizable buildingcharacteristics such as windows, doors, and vents. The recordmay accommodate
41、any requirement for calculations of enve-lope areas with anomalies.10. Thermographic Interpretation10.1 If apparent defects in insulation are not confirmed,corrected, and reinspected at the time of the thermographicsurvey, then thermograms or other precise identification of thelocations and types of
42、 apparent defects are required. Theinterpretation of the thermogram allows determination of thefollowing information:10.1.1 Locations of the regions where insulation is appar-ently missing or defective and their total area.10.1.2 Locations of the regions where the insulation isapparently intact and
43、their total area.10.1.3 Location and total area of added insulation (if 10.1.1and 10.1.2 were performed in a thermographic inspection priorto adding insulation).10.1.4 Estimated total area of surfaces that cannot beinspected.10.2 Interpretation of thermographic images requires aware-ness of the foll
44、owing types of patterns:10.2.1 Intact InsulationAs seen from the warm side of theconstruction: dark parallel lines, representing the framing;uniformly lighter areas between the framing lines, representingthe insulation. As seen from the cool side of the construction:the framing lines are light. The
45、areas containing insulation areuniformly dark.NOTE 1Metal framing with no insulation may fit this description. SeeNote 2.NOTE 2Metal framing conducts heat better than both air and insula-tion. If insulation is present, the thermal contrast between metal framingand the spaces between may be very stro
46、ng. Independent verification maybe needed for metal-framed buildings to establish typical patterns forinsulated and uninsulated areas.10.2.2 Insulation Missing CompletelyAs seen from thewarm side of the construction: light parallel lines, representingthe framing; darker areas between the framing lin
47、es, represent-ing the empty space between framing members. Convectionwill be visible in vertical framing, as evidenced by a gradientfrom dark (cooler) at the bottom of the space to light (warmer)at the top. As seen from the cool side of the construction: theframing lines are dark, the areas between
48、framing are light andconvection is still lighter at the top of vertical spaces.NOTE 3Metal framing with no insulation may not fit this description.See Note 2.10.2.3 Insulation Partially MissingThe dominant effect isas described in 10.2.1, except that missing insulation shows asa well-defined dark re
49、gion, as seen from the warm side and asa light region as seen from the cool side.10.2.4 Other Thermal PatternsIrregular variation of thethermal pattern in the spaces between framing membersindicate a combination of possible causes, including varyingdensity of insulation, convection or air leakage, moisture, orthermal bridges. A partial list of examples follows:10.2.4.1 Variable density insulation often allows air leakageand convection and thereby creates intruding areas of surfacetemperature variation.10.2.4.2 Areas where insulation contains signi
