1、Designation: C1088 11Standard Specification forThin Veneer Brick Units Made From Clay or Shale1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1088; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers thin veneer brick units madefrom clay, shale, fire clay, sand, or mixtures thereof, and firedto incipient fu
3、sion for use in adhered or fastened veneerapplications. Three types of thin veneer brick units in each oftwo grades are covered. In this specification, the term thinveneer brick shall be understood to mean clay masonry unitwith a maximum thickness of 134 in. (44.45 mm).NOTE 1Brick intended for pavin
4、g should be specified under Specifi-cation C902.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply atthe time of purchase. The use of results from testing of brickextracted from masonry structures for determining confor-mance or nonconformance to the property requirements (Sec-tion 5) of this
5、 specification is beyond the scope of thisspecification.1.3 Brick covered by this specification are manufacturedfrom clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring substances andsubjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing).The heat treatment must develop sufficient fired bond between
6、the particulate constituents to provide the strength and dura-bility requirements of the specification. (See “firing” and “firedbond” in Terminology C1232.)1.4 The text of this specification references notes andfootnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those i
7、n tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Refer
8、enced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic PavingBrickC1232 Terminology of MasonryE835/E835M Guide for Modular Coordination of Clay andConcrete Masonry Units33. Classification3.1 Two gr
9、ades of thin veneer brick units are covered forexposure conditions to weather and are defined in Table 1 asInterior and Exterior.3.2 Three types of thin veneer brick units are covered asfollows:3.2.1 Type TBS (Standard)Thin veneer brick for generaluse in masonry.3.2.2 Type TBX (Select)Thin veneer br
10、ick for general usein masonry where a higher degree of precision and lowerpermissible variation in size than permitted for Type TBS isrequired.3.2.3 Type TBA (Architectural)Thin veneer brick for gen-eral use in masonry selected to produce characteristic architec-tural effects resulting from nonunifo
11、rmity in size and texture ofthe individual units.3.3 When the type is not specified, the requirements forType TBS will govern.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Units shall not show surface defects and deficiencies,nor effects of surface treatments including coating in themanufacturing process, that in
12、terfere with installation of thebrick or significantly impair the performance of the construc-tion.4.2 Colors and textures produced by application of inor-ganic coatings to the faces of the thin veneer brick arepermitted if approved by the purchaser, provided that evidenceis furnished of the durabil
13、ity of the coatings.5. Physical Properties5.1 DurabilityThe thin veneer brick shall conform to thephysical requirements in Table 1 for the grade specified. When1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcomm
14、itteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approvedin 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1088 10. DOI: 10.1520/C1088-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custome
15、r Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this
16、standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the grade is not specified, the requirements for Grade Exteriorshall govern. If the water absorption of each unit is less than8.0 % after submersion in cold water for 24 h, the
17、requirementsfor saturation coefficient shall be waived. If exterior or interiorgrade thin veneer brick are intended for use on interiors only,the requirements for water absorption (5-h boiling) and forsaturation coefficient for interior grade in Table 1 shall govern.NOTE 2Aminimum compressive streng
18、th requirement is not includedin combination with other physical property requirements as an indicatorof freeze/thaw durability. The geometry of the thin brick units maypreclude proper testing and can affect the failure mode attained. Thus,compressive strength test results may not be a true indicato
19、r of unitfreeze-thaw performance or fired bond.5.2 Freezing and ThawingThe requirements specified in5.1 for water absorption (5-h boiling) and saturation coefficientshall be waived provided a sample of 5 typical exterior gradethin veneer brick, meeting all other requirements, complieswith the follow
20、ing requirements when subjected to 50 cycles ofthe freezing-and-thawing test:5.2.1 Grade Exterior: Breakage and Weight LossRequirementNo individual unit separates or disintegratesresulting in a weight loss greater than 0.5 % of its original dryweight.5.2.2 Grade Exterior: Cracking RequirementNo indi
21、-vidual unit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the unitsleast face dimension.5.3 Low Weathering Index AlternativeIf the thin brick areintended for use exposed to weather where the weatheringindex is less than 50 (see Fig. 1), and unless otherwisespecified, the requirements given in Table 1 f
22、or grade interiorshall apply.TABLE 1 Physical RequirementsDesignationMaximum WaterAbsorption by 5-hBoiling, %MaximumSaturationCoefficientAAverageof 5 unitsIndividualAverageof 5 unitsIndividualGrade Exterior 17.0 20.0 0.78 0.80Grade Interior 22.0 25.0 0.88 0.90AThe saturation coefficient is the ratio
23、 of absorption by 24-h submersion in coldwater to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.Grade Recommendations for Face ExposuresExposureWeathering Index (Note 3)Lessthan 5050 andgreaterIn vertical surfaces:In contact with earth MW SWNot in contact with earth MW SWIn other than vertical surfaces
24、:In contact with earth SW SWNot in contact with earth MW SWFIG. 1 Weathering Indices in the United StatesC1088 112NOTE 3The effect of weathering on thin brick is related to theweathering index, which for any locality is the product of the averageannual number of freezing cycle days and the average a
25、nnual winterrainfall in inches (millimetres), defined as follows.A freezing cycle day is any day during which the air temperature passeseither above or below 32F (0C). The average number of freezing cycledays in a year may be taken to equal the difference between the meannumber of days during which
26、the minimum temperature was 32F (0C)or below, and the mean number of days during which the maximumtemperature was 32F (0C) or below.Winter rainfall is the sum in inches (millimetres) of the mean monthlycorrected precipitation (rainfall) occurring during the period between andincluding the normal dat
27、e of the first killing frost in the fall and the normaldate of the last killing frost in the spring. The winter rainfall for any periodis equal to the total precipitation less one tenth of the total fall of snow,sleet, and hail. Rainfall for a portion of a month is prorated.6. Efflorescence6.1 Brick
28、 are not required to be tested for efflorescence tocomply with this specification unless requested by the specifieror purchaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by thespecifier or purchaser, the brick shall be sampled at the place ofmanufacture, and tested in accordance with Test Methods C6
29、7,and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If therating for efflorescence is “effloresced,” the brick representedby the testing do not meet the efflorescence requirements ofthis specification.7. Dimensions and Permissible Variations7.1 SizeThe face size of thin veneer brick shall b
30、e asspecified by the purchaser. In a representative sample of tenunits selected to include the extreme range of color anddimensions of thin veneer brick to be supplied for each size andcolor combination in the purchase order, no thin brick shalldepart from the specified size by more than the individ
31、ualtolerance for the type specified as prescribed in Table 2.Tolerances on dimensions for Type TBA shall be as specifiedby the purchaser.NOTE 4For a list of modular sizes see Guide E835/E835M. Sizeslisted in this standard are not produced in all parts of the United States.Brick names denoting sizes
32、may be regional and therefore may not beincluded in all reference books. Purchasers should ascertain the size ofbrick available in their locality and should specify accordingly, stating thedesired dimensions (width by height by length).7.2 WarpageTolerances for warpage of face or edges ofindividual
33、units from a plane surface shall not exceed themaximum for the type specified as prescribed in Table 3.Tolerances on warpage for Type TBA shall be as specified bythe purchaser.8. Finish and Appearance8.1 Face or Faces:8.1.1 The face or faces that will be exposed in place shall befree of chips that e
34、xceed the limits given in Table 4. Theaggregate length of chips shall not exceed 10 % of theperimeter of the face or faces of the thin veneer brick.8.1.2 The face or faces shall not contain cracks or otherimperfections that detract from the appearance of the desig-nated sample when viewed from a dis
35、tance of 15 ft (4.6 m) forType TBX and a distance of 20 ft (6.1 m) for Types TBS andTBA.8.2 The number of thin veneer brick in a delivery that arebroken or otherwise fail to meet the requirements for chippageand tolerances shall not exceed 5 %.8.3 After thin veneer brick are installed, the manufactu
36、rer orthe manufacturers agent shall not be held responsible forcompliance of thin veneer brick with the requirements of thisspecification for chippage and tolerances.8.4 If brick having a particular color, color range, or textureare desired, these features shall be specified separately by thepurchas
37、er. The texture of the finished surfaces that will beexposed when in place shall conform to an approved sampleconsisting of not less than four typical stretcher thin veneerbrick, each representing the desired texture. The color rangeshall be indicated by the approved sample.9. Sampling and Testing9.
38、1 The brick shall be sampled and tested in accordancewith applicable sections in Test Methods C67.9.2 The manufacturer or the seller shall furnish specimensfor tests. The place or places of selection shall be designatedwhen the purchase order is placed.NOTE 5Unless otherwise specified in the purchas
39、e order, the cost oftests is typically borne as follows: if the results of the test show that brickdo not conform to the requirements of this specification, the cost istypically borne by the seller. If the results of the tests show that the brickdo conform to the requirements of this specification,
40、the cost is typicallyborne by the purchaser.TABLE 2 Tolerances on DimensionsASpecified Dimension,in. (mm)Maximum PermissibleVariation from SpecifiedDimension, 6in. (mm)Type TBX Type TBS3 (76) and under116 (1.6)332 (2.4)Over 3 to 4 (76 to 102) incl332 (2.4)18 (3.2)Over 4 to 6 (102 to 152) incl18 (3.2
41、)316 (4.7)Over 6 to 8 (152 to 203) incl532 (4.0)14 (6.4)Over 8 to 12 (203 to 305) incl732 (5.6)516 (7.9)Over 12 to 16 (305 to 406) incl932 (7.1)38 (9.5)ATolerances for Type TBA shall be listed in purchase specification.C1088 113SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected
42、changes to this standard since the last issue(C1088 10) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2011.)(1) Select sections within the standard were reorganized usingthe ASTM Form and Style Standards manual as a guideline.Committee C15 has identified the location of selected change
43、s to this standard since the last issue(C1088 09a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2010.)(1) The word “distortion” was either deleted or replaced withthe word “warpage.”ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connectio
44、n with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible
45、technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid
46、eration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Bar
47、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM websit
48、e(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 3 Tolerances on WarpageAMaximum Face Dimension,in. (mm)Maximum Permissible Warpage, in. (mm)Type TBX Type TBS8 (203) and under116 (1.6)332 (2.4)Over 8 to 12 (203 to
49、305) incl332 (2.4)18 (3.2)Over 12 to 16 (305 to 406) incl18 (3.2)532 (4.0)ATolerances for Type TBA shall be listed in purchase specification.TABLE 4 Maximum Permissible Extent of Chippage from the Edges and Corners of Finished Face or Faces onto the SurfaceTypePercentageAllowedAChippage in in. (mm) in fromPercentageAllowedAChippage in in. (mm) in fromEdge Corner Edge CornerTBX 5 % or less18 to14(3.2 to 6.4)14 to38(6.4 to 9.5)95 to 100 % 0 to18(0 to 3.2)0to14(0 to 6.4)TBS (formed)B10 % or less14 to516(6.4 to 7.9)38 to12(9.5 t
