1、Designation:C109607 Designation: C1096/C1096M 07 (Reapproved 2011)1Standard Test Method forDetermination of Wood Fiber in Asbestos Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1096/C1096M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information was editorially corrected in January 2012.1. Scope1.1 This test method cov
3、ers the determination of the cellulose content of asbestos-cement products. Refer to Note 1 and Note2.1.2 Before this test method can be used for the determination of other organic substances in asbestos-cement, it must beascertained that accurate results can be obtained by correlation trials with k
4、nown concentrations of the organic substances inquestion present in samples of asbestos-cement.1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded
5、 separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos an
6、d asbestos products present demonstrated health risks forusers and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cementproducts, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use of C
7、hrysotileAsbestos: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”21.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the appl
8、icability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. See 1.4 for a specific safety warning.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic CementD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves2.2 ACS S
9、tandard:Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications43. Significance and Use3.1 The determination of wood fiber in asbestos-cement products is necessary because such fibers may be added whenmulti-wall paper bags containing the asbestos are included in the batch formulations, or cellul
10、ose may be added as a processingaid during the manufacture of the products.3.2 Although moderate concentrations of wood fiber usually have a negligible effect on product durability and performance,higher concentrations can have deleterious effects on products exposed to moisture and thermal shocks.4
11、. Interferences4.1 The presence of organic compounds such as surface-active processing aids and water-repellent substances that would1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 on Fiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C17.03 onAsbesto
12、s - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C109691 (2004)1. DOI:10.1520/C1096-07.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originally approved in
13、 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C1096 07. DOI:10.1520/C1096_C1096M-07R11E01.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume infor
14、mation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4Available from American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St., NW, Washington, DC.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to th
15、e previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright A
16、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.produce CO2during the digestion steps of the procedure would probably affect results. Refer to Note 1.4.2 The presence of organic pigments and organic polymeric fibers other than cellulose could al
17、so interfere and impair accuracy(Note 2).5. Apparatus5.1 Sieve, a 149 m (No. 100), sieve conforming to Specification E11.5.2 Drying oven, ventilated, capable of maintaining 100 to 105C (212212 to 220F). 220F.5.3 Apparatus for determination of total carbon by direct combustion. The several types of c
18、ommercially available apparatusare generally suitable. A typical combustion train may include the following sequence of components:5.3.1 Source of oxygen under pressure,5.3.2 Pressure reducing valve,5.3.3 Rubber tubing,5.3.4 Scrubber for removing traces of carbon dioxide and moisture in the oxygen,5
19、.3.5 Manometer,5.3.6 Combustion tube,5.3.7 Electric furnace,5.3.8 Filter packed with absorbent cotton for the removal of solid particles,5.3.9 U-tube containing anhydrous Mg (ClO4)2,5.3.10 Absorbing bulb containing 20 to 30 mesh inert base impregnated with NaOH absorbing the CC, and5.3.11 Bottle con
20、taining 112SO4(sp. gr 1.84) to protect the discharge end.6. Reagents6.1 Type III Reagent water conforming to Specification D1193.6.2 Hydrochloric AcidDilute one part of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19 conforming to the ACSspecifications) with 17 parts of reagent water.6.3 Chromic Aci
21、dFor each digestion dissolve 30 g of chromium trioxide crystals conforming to the ACS specifications (see2.2) with 60 cm3of reagent water.7. Hazards7.1 Warningsee 1.4.8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units8.1 For each replicate analysis desired take sufficient sample to yield two specimens each
22、 with a mass of 0.15 g per unitpercentage of wood fiber expected in the product under analysis. If no estimate of the wood fiber concentration is available takea 3-g sample. If the inorganic carbonate content is known to yield 1 % CO2or more when digested, a 1-g sample will suffice.8.2 Grind the sam
23、ple to entirely pass the 149 m (No. 100) sieve (see 1.4).8.3 Dry the sample to constant weight in the oven at 100 to 105C (212212 to 220F)220F and cool to room temperature ina desiccator.8.4 Weigh out two specimens to the nearest 0.001 g.9. Procedure9.1 Transfer one specimen to the digestion flask o
24、f the apparatus and connect this to the carbon dioxide absorption system.9.2 Determine the mass of the carbon dioxide absorption tube.9.3 Pour the chromic acid into the addition funnel.9.4 Apply vacuum to the absorption system and introduce the chromic acid slowly.9.5 When the acid is completely add
25、ed, rinse the chromic acid from the funnel with small amounts of reagent water.9.6 Slowly heat the digestion flask to boiling and maintain boiling for 30 min.9.7 Obtain the total mass of carbon dioxide evolved by reweighing the carbon dioxide absorption tube and subtracting the initialmass determine
26、d in 9.2.9.8 Determine the evolved carbon dioxide of inorganic origin (present as carbonates) by repeating steps 9.1-9.7 using thehydrochloric acid with the second specimen.NOTE 1Asbestos-cement products may include surface-active processing aids and water-repellent substances that would produce car
27、bon dioxideduring the chromic acid digestion step of this test method. Such substances are usually soluble in chloroform. In case of dispute, the chloroform-solubleorganic substance shall be determined as described in Sections 69 to 72 of Test Methods C114. A 40.0-g sample of the pulverized, oven-dr
28、ied materialshall be used for this correction procedure. Water-repellent substances contain a higher percentage of carbon than cellulose. To correct for this, 1.8 timesthe percentage of chloroform-soluble organic substance, so determined, shall be subtracted from the calculated percentage of wood fi
29、ber.NOTE 2This test method does not provide a correction for organic pigments or polymeric fibers that decompose during chromic acid digestion andwhich could produce carbon dioxide and thereby interfere with the results obtained by this test method.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the carbon dioxide ev
30、olved from wood as the difference between the total carbon dioxide evolved as obtainedC1096/C1096M 07 (2011)12in 9.7, and the carbon dioxide evolved from inorganic carbonates as obtained in 9.8.10.2 Calculate the carbon that corresponds to the carbon dioxide evolved from wood as obtained in 10.1 by
31、multiplying by theratio of carbon to carbon dioxide = 12/44.10.3 Calculate the concentration of wood on the as-received basis by dividing the percentage carbon evolved as obtained in 10.2by the percent carbon in the wood. If that value is not known, assume the nominal value of 45.1 % carbon.10.4 Cal
32、culate the concentration of wood present in the dry furnish (solid ingredients of the asbestos-cement) by dividing theconcentration of the wood on the as-received basis as obtained in 10.3 by100 2 A 2 B! % (1)where:A = Percent CO2originating from the hydration reaction (carbonation) of the cement an
33、d calculated from the results obtainedwith a blank sample prepared similarly and containing no wood. Alternatively, use the arbitrary value of 5.6 %.B = Percent CO2of inorganic origin obtained in 9.8.10.5 Sample Calculation:10.5.1 For the case where the following analytical results were obtained:10.
34、5.1.1 Wa= 2.0602 g mass of specimen digested in the chromic acid.10.5.1.2 W1= 249.0113 g mass of absorption tube before chromic acid digestion.10.5.1.3 W2= 249.3499 g mass of absorption tube after chromic acid digestion.10.5.1.4 Wb= 1.9398 g mass of specimen digested in the hydrochloric acid.10.5.1.
35、5 W3= 249.0236 g mass of absorption tube before hydrochloric acid digestion.10.5.1.6 W4= 249.0643 g mass of absorption tube after hydrochloric acid digestion.10.5.1.7 Carbon content of wood assumed to be 45.1 %.10.5.1.8 Carbon dioxide originating from hydration of cement; 5.6 % assumed. Total carbon
36、 dioxide evolved W2W1 = 249.3499 g 249.0113 g = 0.3386 g (W2W1)/Wa= 0.3386/2.0602 = 0.165 = 16.5 % CO2.10.5.2 The carbon dioxide evolved from wood is:10.5.2.1 Carbon dioxide evolved from inorganic carbonates = WaW3= 249.0643g 249.0236g = 0.0407g (W4W3)/Wb= 0.0407/1.9398 = 0.021 = 2.1 % CO2.10.5.2.2
37、Net value of carbon dioxide evolved from wood = 16.5 2.1 = 14.4 % CO2.10.5.2.3 Carbon dioxide evolved from the inorganic carbonates (from 10.5.1.5 and 10.5.1.6)= 249.0643 249.0236 = 0.0407 g.10.5.2.4 Percentage carbon dioxide evolved from inorganic carbonates (from 10.5.1.4) = 0.0407 3 100/1.9398 =
38、2.1 %.10.5.2.5 Carbon dioxide evolved from wood= 16.5 2.1 = 14.4 %.10.5.3 The carbon that corresponds to the carbon dioxide evolved from wood (from 10.5.2.5)= 14.4 % 3 12/44 = 3.9 %.10.5.4 The concentration of wood on the as-received basis (from 10.5.1.7 and 10.5.3) = 3.9 % 3 100/45.1 = 8.7 % (where
39、 45.1denotes Cstdnominal).10.5.5 The concentration of wood present in the dry furnish (from 10.5.4) = 8.7/(100 AB)%,where:A = 5.6 % (from 10.5.1.8), andB = 2.1 % (from 10.5.2.4).Therefore, the nominal concentration of wood present in the dry furnish = 8.7 3 100 (100 5.6 2.1) % = 9.5 %.11. Precision
40、and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe intra-laboratory single apparatus, operator and specimen repeatability of the percent of wood fiber in thedry furnish determined is as follows:Mean, % = 9.6 %,Standard Deviation, % = 0.082 %,Relative standard deviation, % = 0.85 %.11.2 BiasResults obtained average 4.2 % low
41、er than the true value of the wood fiber concentration in the dry furnish.12. Keywords12.1 asbestos; asbestos-cement; cellulose; cellulose fiber content; determination; wood; wood fiber contentC1096/C1096M 07 (2011)13ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights a
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