1、Designation: C 1146 96 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Guide forPrefabricated Panel Insulation Systems for Ducts andEquipment Operating at Temperatures Above Ambient Air1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1146; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes construction and installation ofprefabricat
3、ed panel insulation systems for vessels, ducts, andequipment operating at temperatures above ambient. Typicalapplications include, but are not limited to, power plant ducts,steam generating units, precipitators, bag houses, fans, refinerystorage tanks, process vessels, and coke drums.1.2 The insulat
4、ion described herein is limited to systemsconsisting of insulating units specially designed to fit thesurfaces to be insulated, and engineered for the servicerequirements.1.3 Each insulation unit is a prefabricated constructiontypically comprised of insulation, an outer lagging to which theinsulatio
5、n is attached, an inner metal mesh and foil lining, andmeans for securing multiple units together in an assembly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate sa
6、fety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1When prefabricated panel systems are specified, Test Meth-ods C 167, C 177, and C 1061, and Terminology C 168 should beconsidered.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 167 Test Methods for T
7、hickness and Density of Blanketor Batt Thermal Insulation2C 168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation2C 177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus2C 1061 Test Method for Thermal Transmission Propertieso
8、f Nonhomogeneous Insulation Panels Installed Vertically33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 convection barriersbarriers to air flow placed be-tween the inner liner and the hot surface being insulated. Thesemay be a combination of sheet metal and insulation material
9、.Generally, these are required on vertical and inclined surfaces.3.1.2 flashingsheet metal of the same material as thelagging, used to cover openings in the insulation, such ascorners and penetration.3.1.3 innerthe innermost surface or cover of the prefab-ricated panel (closest to the hot surface).
10、This may be com-posed of aluminum foil and metal mesh.3.1.4 insulationessentially homogenous insulation inwhich relevant properties are not a function of position withinthe material itself, but may be a function of such variables astime and temperature.3.1.5 laggingthe outermost cover or sheet of th
11、e prefab-ricated panel (farthest from the hot surface), which performs astructural function as well as provides weather protection. Thelagging is generally fabricated from corrugated, ribbed, or flatsheet.3.1.6 penetrationsopenings in a unit of insulation fromthe hot surface through to the cold surf
12、ace.3.1.7 retaining devicesmetallic members passing throughthe insulation between the hot surface and the cold surface.Generally, pins, prongs, or other acceptable means used to holdthe assembly together.3.1.8 support memberstraps, bars, or angles attached tothe surface being insulated and to which
13、the insulation units areattached.3.1.9 unit of insulationa single structurally-independentassembly typically consisting of lagging, inner liner, insulation,and retaining devices.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this guide is to ensure proper specifica-tion and installation of thermally and
14、mechanically engineeredunits of prefabricated insulation panels. These panels are to bedesigned to:4.1.1 Limit loss of heat from insulated surface.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.40 on InsulationSys
15、tems.Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as C 1146 96.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.3Discontinued. See 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
16、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.2 Limit exposed surface temperatures for thermal pro-tection of personnel.4.1.3 Maintain temperatures of the insulated equipment ator above a specified minimum value required for the properoperation of the equipment.4.1.4 Produ
17、ce an assembly that provides allowance forthermal expansion and is of a weathertight construction.5. Panel Design Specifications5.1 General:5.1.1 The purchase specification should clearly indicate thesurfaces to be insulated. Either insulation type and thickness orheat loss requirements shall be par
18、t of the specification.5.1.2 The purchase specification should clearly indicate theoperating temperature of the item to be insulated. Up-set orworst-case conditions may be considered.5.1.3 Heat loss through uninsulated surfaces, or increasedheat loss that results when it is necessary to reduce insul
19、ationthickness to accommodate mechanical interferences with otherequipment, supports, hangers, etc., should be accounted for inthe insulation design.5.1.4 High heat conduction paths through the insulationshould be minimized.5.1.5 Convection barriers should minimize internal heatpaths.5.1.6 All compo
20、nents of the insulation units, as physicalstructures, must be capable of withstanding the temperatures towhich they will be subjected without mechanical failure ordetrimental changes in physical properties.5.1.7 When subjected to maximum service temperature,insulation units should not warp, deform,
21、or shrink so as toaffect their performance. The materials should perform theirfunctions for the specified service life and be compatible withthe specified environment.5.1.8 Since permanent deformation of the insulation cancause loss of efficiency, the design specification should definethe areas requ
22、ired to have reinforced lagging construction.5.1.9 Insulation units should be provided with joint laps orother suitable means to form a natural watershed and precludesiphoning of water.5.1.10 Insulation units and assemblies of units should beequipped with overlapping slip joints or other suitable me
23、ans toprovide for the differential movement between the hot surfaceinsulated and the insulation, since the outer lagging tempera-ture of the insulation will be lower than that of the hot surface.5.1.11 Since this insulation is prefabricated to fit the pur-chasers equipment, it is the responsibility
24、of the purchaser tosupply drawings and pertinent operation data for the equipmentto be insulated.5.1.12 Purchase specification should make provisions topreclude galvanic action between dissimilar metals.5.2 Thermal:5.2.1 When maximum heat loss is specified by the pur-chaser, the purchase specificati
25、on should clearly indicate theoperating parameters permissible average heat loss through aunit of area of the insulation. This thermal performance shouldbe referenced to the area of the hot surface unless otherwisespecified.5.2.2 When maximum lagging temperature for personnelprotection is specified
26、by the purchaser, maximum anticipatedambient air temperature and minimum wind velocity shouldalso be supplied.5.2.3 If personnel exposure to high surface temperature isconsidered to be a danger in limited areas, those areas shouldbe explicitly identified and one or more of the followingalternatives
27、will be required:5.2.3.1 External guarding,5.2.3.2 Additional insulation,5.2.3.3 High emittance outer lagging, or5.2.3.4 Other acceptable techniques agreed to between thepurchaser and the supplier.6. Panel Shipping, Storage, and Handling6.1 All insulation materials should be shipped, stored, andhand
28、led in a manner that will result in their remaining in thesame condition as they left the supplier.6.2 Shipping containers should be weather-resistant andsturdy to limit entrance of contaminants and damage to theinsulation during shipment and storage.6.3 Shipping containers should be identified with
29、 the pur-chase order number, the material identification number, specialshipping and handling instruction (this side up, stackinglimitations), and special instructions (storage, unpacking re-strictions, etc., as appropriate).6.4 Shipping containers should be arranged in such amanner that identificat
30、ion markings on the outside are clearlyvisible.6.5 Insulation should be stored in its “as shipped” conditionin the shipping containers to preserve its shop cleanliness leveluntil it is ready to be installed.6.6 Containers in storage should be sufficiently elevatedabove ground level to prevent surfac
31、e water and drainagedamage.6.7 Periodic storage inspection should be conducted untilthe insulation is removed for installation. The frequency of theinspections should be governed by the results of previousinspection and on-site storage conditions.7. Panel Installation Procedure7.1 Since prefabricate
32、d insulation units are custom-made tofit the equipment to which they are to be installed, with lappingof the lagging or other mechanical means required for expan-sion, water shedding, and weather protection, they must beinstalled in proper sequence. The prefabricated panel manufac-turer is expected
33、to provide installation diagrams or proce-dures, or both, to show the proper sequence of installation.7.2 Unit of insulation shall be installed in proper sequencewith ends closely butted and lagging arranged to shed water.7.3 Normally, insulation modifications should be referred tothe manufacturer.
34、Field cutting or fitting should be done in aworkmanlike manner with cuts clean and neat and flashed toprevent water entrance and to restrict air flow in or out of theinsulation.7.4 Insulation and support member should be handled insuch a manner that prevents damage to the insulation, theinsulation s
35、upports, and the items being insulated.C 1146 96 (2003)27.5 Insulation units should be fabricated and installed sothat they will resist specified mechanical abuses, vibration, andwind or other loads.7.6 Convection barriers should be installed where excessiveconvection currents may occur.7.7 Where sc
36、rews are used for securing the insulation units,they should be installed in properly drilled holes. Units shouldbe erected with screws securely tightened or with lockingdevices to prevent loosening under vibration or other move-ment.7.8 Where subsequent removal of units is involved, theymay be secur
37、ed by bands and seals, hinges and snap-locks, orsheet-metal screws. Where removals are anticipated for fre-quent inspection, the units should be secured by buckles orother clamping devices. Use of non-corrosive fasteners shouldbe considered for exterior locations.7.9 After installation is completed,
38、 there should be a finalinspection to ensure that there are no excessive heat lossesthough the insulated surfaces. The utilization of thermographictechniques may provide valuable information as part of a finalacceptance procedure when agreed upon by purchaser andsupplier.8. Keywords8.1 insulation un
39、its; panel insulation unitsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infri
40、ngement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standar
41、d or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your view
42、s known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 1146 96 (2003)3
