1、Designation: C1153 10 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Practice forLocation of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems UsingInfrared Imaging1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1153; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice applies to techniques that employ infraredimaging at night to determine the location of
3、wet insulation inroofing systems that have insulation above the deck in contactwith the waterproofing. This practice includes ground-basedand aerial inspections. (WarningExtreme caution shall betaken when accessing or walking on roof surfaces and whenoperating aircraft at low altitudes, especially a
4、t night.)(WarningIt is a good safety practice for at least two peopleto be present on the roof surface at all times when ground-based inspections are being conducted.)1.2 This practice addresses criteria for infrared equipmentsuch as minimum resolvable temperature difference, spectralrange, instanta
5、neous field of view, and field of view.1.3 This practice addresses meteorological conditions underwhich infrared inspections shall be performed.1.4 This practice addresses the effect of roof construction,material differences, and roof conditions on infrared inspec-tions.1.5 This practice addresses o
6、perating procedures, operatorqualifications, and operating practices.1.6 This practice also addresses verification of infrared datausing invasive test methods.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard
7、 does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary stateme
8、nts are given in 1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationD1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and WaterproofingE1149 Definitions of Terms Relating to Ndt by InfraredThermography (Withdrawn 1991)3E1213 Practice for Minimum Resolvable Temperature
9、Dif-ference for Thermal Imaging Systems2.2 ANSI-ASHRAE Standard:ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101Application of InfraredSensing Devices to the Assessment of Building Heat LossCharacteristics42.3 ISO Standard:ISO/DP 6781.3EThermal InsulationQualitative Detec-tion of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelope
10、sInfrared Method43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 blackbody, nthe ideal, perfect emitter and absorberof thermal radiation. It emits radiant energy at each wavelengthat the maximum rate possible as a consequence of itstemperature, and absorbs all incident radiance. (See Terminol-ogy C168.)3.1.2 co
11、re, n, na small sample encompassing at least 13cm2of the roof surface area taken by cutting through the roofmembrane and insulation and removing the insulation todetermine its composition, condition, and moisture content.3.1.3 detection, nthe condition at which there is a consis-tent indication that
12、 a thermal difference is present on thesurface of the roof. Detection of thermal anomalies can beaccomplished when they are large enough and close enough tobe within the spatial resolution capabilities of the imagingsystem; that is, when their width is at least two times the1This practice is under t
13、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on ThermalMeasurement.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1153 10. DOI:10.1520/C1153-1
14、0R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard i
15、s referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1product of the instantaneous fi
16、eld of view (IFOV) (see 3.1.8)ofthe system and the distance from the system to the surface ofthe roof divided by 1000.3.1.4 emittance, ,nthe ratio of the radiant flux emitted bya specimen to that emitted by a blackbody at the sametemperature and under the same conditions. (See TerminologyC168.)3.1.5
17、 expansion joint, na structural separation or flexibleconnection between two building elements that allows freemovement between the elements without damage to the roofingor waterproofing system. (See Terminology D1079.)3.1.6 field-of-view, (FOV), nthe total angular dimensions,expressed in radians, w
18、ithin which objects are imaged, dis-played and recorded by a stationary imaging device.3.1.7 infrared imaging system, nan apparatus that con-verts the spatial variations in infrared radiance from a surfaceinto a two-dimensional image, in which variations in radianceare displayed as a range of colors
19、 or tones.3.1.8 instantaneous field of view, (IFOV), nthe smallestangle, in milliradians, that will be instantaneously resolved bya particular infrared imaging system.3.1.9 membrane, na flexible or semiflexible roof coveringor waterproofing whose primary function is the exclusion ofwater. (See Termi
20、nology D1079.)3.1.10 minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD),na measure of the ability of operators of an infrared imagingsystem to discern temperature differences with that system. TheMRTD is the minimum temperature difference between a fourslot test pattern of defined shape and size and i
21、ts blackbodybackground at which an average observer is capable ofdiscerning the pattern with that infrared imaging system at adefined distance.3.1.11 moisture meter probe, nan invasive (electrical re-sistance or galvanometric type) test that entails the insertion ofa meter probe(s) through the roof
22、membrane to indicate thepresence of moisture within the roofing system.3.1.12 radiance, nthe rate of radiant emission per unitsolid angle and per unit projected area of a source in a statedangular direction from the surface (usually the normal). (SeeTerminology C168.)3.1.13 recognition, nthe ability
23、 to differentiate betweendifferent types of thermal patterns such as board-stock, picture-framed and amorphous. Recognition of thermal anomalies isaccomplished when their width is at least eight times theproduct of the IFOV of the infrared imaging system and thedistance from the system to the surfac
24、e of the roof divided by1000.3.1.14 roof section, na portion of a roof that is separatedfrom adjacent portions by walls or expansion joints and inwhich there are no major changes in the components.3.1.15 roofing system, nan assembly of interacting com-ponents designed to weatherproof, and normally t
25、o insulate, abuildings top surface. (See Terminology D1079.)3.1.16 survey window, nthe time period during which roofmoisture surveys are successfully conducted according to therequirements of Section 10.3.1.17 thermal anomaly, na thermal pattern of a surfacethat varies from a uniform color or tone w
26、hen viewed with aninfrared imaging system. Wet insulation is capable of causingthermal anomalies.3.1.18 thermogram, na recorded visual image that mapsthe apparent temperature pattern of an object or scene into acorresponding contrast or color pattern. (See TerminologyE1149 with the word “recorded” a
27、dded.)4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is used to outline the minimum necessaryelements and conditions to obtain an accurate determination ofthe location of wet insulation in roofing systems using infraredimaging.4.2 This practice is not meant to be an instructional docu-ment or to provide a
28、ll the knowledge and background neces-sary to provide an accurate analysis. For further information,see ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101 and ISO/DP 6781.3E.4.3 This practice does not provide methods to determine thecause of moisture or its point of entry. It does not address thesuitability of any particular
29、 system to function capably aswaterproofing.5. Infrared Survey Techniques5.1 Ground-Based:5.1.1 Walk-OverWalking on a roof using an infraredimaging system. Imaging systems are hand-carried or mountedon a cart, is required. Thermograms are taken of areas ofinterest. Areas that appear to contain wet i
30、nsulation areidentified and marked for verification.5.1.2 Elevated Vantage PointUse of an infrared imagingsystem from an elevated vantage point provides an improvedview of the roof.5.2 Aerial:5.2.1 Real-Time ImagingUse of an infrared imaging sys-tem from an aircraft. Thermograms are obtained for the
31、 entireroof.6. Instrument Requirements6.1 General:6.1.1 ObjectiveInstrument requirements have been estab-lished in order to permit location of insulation that has lost aslittle as 20 % of its insulating ability because it containsmoisture.6.1.2 Spectral RangeThe infrared imaging system shalloperate
32、within a spectral range from 2 to 14 m. A spotradiometer or nonimaging line scanner is not sufficient.6.1.3 Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference(MRTD)The MRTD at 20C shall be 0.3C.6.1.3.1 The survey shall be conducted with the thermalimaging system only on sensitivity settings that meet thisreq
33、uirement.6.1.4 Test for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference:6.1.4.1 Instrument SettingThe thermal imaging systemshall be tested at each sensitivity that the system will be used.6.1.4.2 Test Target PatternThe test target shall consist oftwo plates with known temperatures, located in front of th
34、eC1153 10 (2015)2imaging system. The near plate shall have four equally spacedslots each having 7:1 height-to-width ratio (see Fig. 1).6.1.4.3 Test GeometryRefer to Fig. 1. The ratio of thewidth, (w), on the test pattern to the distance, (d), to theimaging system shall be established, using the maxi
35、mum IFOVallowed for the type of survey being conducted, as follows:w/d,0.002 IFOV!where:w and d are in the same units and IFOV is in milliradians.Maximum allowable values of IFOV are defined in 6.2.2, 6.3.2,and 6.4.2.6.1.4.4 Test ProcedureIn accordance with Test MethodE1213, the temperature differen
36、ce between the two plates ofthe target is slowly increased without communicating with theobserver. The observer announces when the test pattern comesinto view on the display. The temperature at this point isrecorded.6.1.4.5 Test ReplicatesBecause of differences in visualacuity, more than one observe
37、r shall perform the procedure in6.1.4.4. The average temperature difference is the MRTD forthat test condition.6.2 Walk-Over Surveys:6.2.1 Anomaly SizeInstrument requirements have beenestablished to permit recognition of areas of wet insulation assmall as 0.15 m on a side.6.2.2 Recognition Distance,
38、 FOV and IFOVRecognitionis accomplished when the width of a thermal anomaly, inmetres, is at least 0.008 times the product of the IFOV of thesystem and the distance, in metres, from the system to theanomaly. Since the walkover survey shall be accomplished at amaximum distance of 5 m, the IFOV of the
39、 apparatus shall be3.8 milliradians, or less. The horizontal and vertical FOVs shallbe at least 0.21 rad by 0.10 rad, respectively.6.3 Elevated Vantage Point Surveys:6.3.1 Anomaly SizeInstrument requirements have beenestablished to permit recognition of areas of wet insulation assmall as 0.15 m on a
40、 side.6.3.2 Recognition Distance, FOV and IFOVSince recog-nition must be possible at distances greater than 5 m, themaximum allowable IFOV in milliradians is related todistance, (d), in metres from the infrared imaging system to theplace on the roof being scanned as follows:IFOV 5 18.8/dThe minimum
41、horizontal FOV shall be 1.0/d and theminimum vertical FOV shall be 0.5/d, both expressed in rad.6.4 Aerial Surveys:6.4.1 Anomaly SizeAerial surveys shall be conducted withinfrared imaging systems that have the ability to detect areas ofwet insulation as small as 0.3 m on a side directly below thesys
42、tem.6.4.2 Detection Distance, FOV and IFOVDetection isaccomplished when the width of a thermal anomaly, in metres,is at least 0.002 times the product of the IFOV of the systemand the distance, in metres, from the system to the anomaly.The maximum allowable IFOV is related to the verticaldistance (d)
43、, in metres, above the roof, as follows:IFOV 5 150/dThe FOV along the line of flight and across the line of flightshall be at least 0.05 rad by 0.10 rad, respectively. The usablefield of view shall be within 0.35 rad of a point directly belowthe infrared imaging system.7. Level of Knowledge7.1 The p
44、roper conduct of a roof moisture survey using aninfrared imaging system requires knowledge of how and underwhat circumstances the system is used and a general under-standing of roof construction.7.2 Proper interpretation of infrared data requires knowl-edge of infrared theory, moisture migration, he
45、at transfer,environmental effects, and roof construction as they apply toroof moisture analysis.8. Limitations (Applicability of Constructions)8.1 Applicable constructions include membrane systemscontaining any of the commercially available rigid insulationboards. This includes boards made of organi
46、c fibers, perlite,cork, fibrous glass, cellular glass, polystyrene, polyurethane,isocyanurate, and phenolic. Composite boards, tapered systemsmade from these materials and roofs insulated with foamed inplace polyurethane are able to be inspected.8.2 When extruded polystyrene insulation is placed und
47、erballast and above a protected membrane, it is quite difficult tolocate moisture in the insulation below the membrane by use ofinfrared thermography.8.3 Wet applied insulations such as lightweight concrete andwet applied decks such as gypsum are difficult to survey sincethey are capable of retainin
48、g significant quantities of construc-tion water.8.4 When moisture sensitive materials are located underpavers, stone ballast or insulating gravel (for example, scoria),or layers of dry insulation, thermal anomalies on the surface ofthe roof are diminished.8.5 For roofs with highly reflective surface
49、s (that is, alumi-nized coatings or foils) in the spectral range of the infraredFIG. 1 Test Arrangement for Minimum Resolvable TemperatureDifference (MRTD) of an Infrared Imaging SystemC1153 10 (2015)3imaging system being used, infrared surveys are not practicaluntil the surface is naturally or temporarily dulled.8.6 The wetting rates of roof insulations vary according tothe type of insulation and the environmental exposure. Allownew roofs with insulations that wet slowly, such as cellularplastics or cellular glass to dry at least ei
