1、Designation: C1167 11Standard Specification forClay Roof Tiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates
2、the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers clay tiles intended for use asroof covering where durability and appearance are required toprovide a weather-resistant surface of specified d
3、esign.1.2 Tiles are manufactured from clay, shale, or similarnaturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to heattreatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatmentmust develop a fired bond between the particulate constituentsto provide the strength and durability requirements of
4、thisspecification (see firing and fired bond in Terminology C1232).1.3 Tiles are shaped during manufacture by molding, press-ing, or extrusion and it is permitted to use the shaping methodto describe the tiles.1.4 Tiles are generally planar or undulating rectangularshapes available in a variety of c
5、ross-sectional profiles, shapes,sizes, surface textures, and colors.1.5 Three grades of tile having various degrees of resistanceto weathering are covered in this specification. Three types oftile are defined to cover the features that influence appearance.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units a
6、re to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibilit
7、y of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1232 Terminology of MasonryC67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC
8、297/C297M Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength ofSandwich ConstructionsC554 Test Method for Crazing Resistance of Fired GlazedCeramic Whitewares by a Thermal Shock Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to struc-tural clay products, and clay roof tiles, see Termino
9、logy C1232.4. Classification4.1 Clay roof tiles covered by this specification are classi-fied by grade for durability and type for appearance as follows:4.1.1 Grades:4.1.1.1 Grade 1Providing resistance to severe frost ac-tion.4.1.1.2 Grade 2Providing resistance to moderate frostaction.4.1.1.3 Grade
10、3Providing negligible resistance to anyfrost action.4.1.1.4 Grades relate to exposure to weather as defined inTable 1.4.2 Types:4.2.1 Type IHigh-profile tilestiles having a rise-to-width ratio greater than 1:5.4.2.2 Type IILow-profile tilestiles having a rise-to-width ratio equal to, or less than 1:
11、5.4.2.3 Type IIIAll other tiles, including flat.5. Material and Finish5.1 Colors and textures produced by application of inor-ganic coatings to the faces of the tiles are not prohibitedprovided that evidence satisfactory to the purchaser is fur-nished regarding the durability of the coatings. Tiles
12、that arecolored by flashing or textured by sanding, where the sand doesnot form a continuous coating, are not considered as surface-colored tiles for the purpose of this specification.NOTE 1When surface colored tiles (other than sanded or flashed) arespecified, data satisfactory to the purchaser sha
13、ll be submitted showingthat after 50 cycles of freezing-thawing (5.2) there is no observabledifference in the applied finish when viewed from a distance of 40 ft (121This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Su
14、bcommitteeC15.06 on Roofing Tile.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1167 03 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/C1167-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi
15、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.m) under an illumination of not less than 50
16、fc (538 lm/m2) by an observerwith normal vision. It is not prohibited to present service records of theperformance of the particular coated tiles in appropriate locations in placeof the freezing and thawing test, with the consent of the purchaser.5.2 The tiles shall be free of defects, deficiencies,
17、 orbloating, that would interfere with the proper laying of the tiles,the performance of the roof, or the requirements of thisspecification.5.2.1 Tiles that, when broken, have a dark area that has asteely appearance and is sharply delineated from the surround-ing normal color of tile are not prohibi
18、ted. This dark area isknown as black heart or black core. Black heart is generally theresult of the reduction of iron minerals during the firingprocess. Its presence, regardless of the size in the tile thatotherwise meets the physical performance of this specification,shall not be cause for rejectio
19、n.5.3 The exposed tile surface shall be free of chippage orother imperfections detracting from the appearance of thedesignated sample when viewed from a distance 40 ft (12 m)under an illumination of not less than 50 fc (538 lm/m2)byanobserver with normal vision.5.4 Unless otherwise agreed upon betwe
20、en the purchaserand the seller, a delivery of tiles shall contain not less than95 % whole tiles. In this specification, the term whole tilesshall be understood to mean tiles meeting the appearancerequirements of this specification.5.5 After tiles are placed in usage, the manufacturer or hisagent sha
21、ll not be held responsible for compliance of tiles withthe requirements of this specification for dimensional toler-ances, finish, texture, or color.6. Performance Requirements6.1 DurabilityThe tiles shall conform to the physicalrequirements for the Grade specified as prescribed in Table 2.Unless ot
22、herwise specified by the purchaser, tiles of a higherGrade (greater weathering index) shall be accepted instead ofa lower Grade. The saturation coefficient requirement does notapply when the average cold water absorption of a randomsample of five tiles does not exceed 6 %, no more than one tileof th
23、e sample exceeds 6 % and its cold water absorption is lessthan 8 %. When Grade 3 tiles are used in regions where theweathering index is less than 50 (see Annex A1), unlessotherwise specified, the requirements for water absorption andfor saturation coefficient shall not apply.NOTE 2Frost is of profou
24、nd importance in mechanical weatheringwhere its effectiveness is dependent on the frequency of temperaturefluctuation across the freezing point in the presence of water. The abilityof a tile to resist failure in a wet and freezing environment is, therefore, ofparamount importance. If a tile fails in
25、 such an environment, its use willresult in an unacceptable deterioration of appearance or more likely, a totalfailure to function (that is, protect the underlying structure from rain), orboth. Such a tile is completely unacceptable for use regardless of its otherproperties such as strength.NOTE 3Th
26、e resistance of clay roof tiles to weathering cannot bepredicted with complete assurance using any of the physical testsprescribed. However, practical experience has demonstrated satisfactoryperformance of clay roof tiles, some for hundreds of years, and thisexperience forms the basis of the prescri
27、ptive requirements of Table 2.There is generally excellent correlation between field performance and therequirements. However, it is possible that some tiles that meet thisspecification are not suitable for severe climates. Furthermore, it is alsopossible for other tiles that do not meet this specif
28、ication to showacceptable serviceability in the most severe climates. The best indicationof clay roof tile durability is the service record of experience with thespecified product in the environment of its intended use.6.1.1 Measure the water absorption, and calculate the satu-ration coefficient, in
29、 accordance with Test Methods C67. Thetest sample shall consist of five whole tiles.6.1.2 The physical requirements in Table 2 shall be achievedas a result of the firing process and associated thermal reactionswithin the tile body (and glaze, if present) which includedevelopment of the fired bond, i
30、ncrease in density, increase instrength, and reduction in water absorption. Tiles shall notcomply with this specification if other processes, for example,immersion in solutions of organic materials to effect impreg-nation or surface sealing, are used to change the physicalproperties which result fro
31、m the firing process. It is notprohibited to test tiles in accordance with this Specificationafter the impregnation and sealing materials are removed asprescribed in Test Methods C67.6.2 Freezing and ThawingThe requirements specified in6.1 for water absorption (5-h boiling) and saturation coefficien
32、tshall not apply for all Grades provided that a sample of fivetiles, meeting all of the other requirements, experiences nobreakage, no crack development that exceeds the minimumdimension of the specimen, and not greater than 0.5 % loss indry weight when subjected to 50 cycles of the freezing-and-tha
33、wing test of Test Methods C67, modified in accordance with6.2.1.6.2.1 Modify Test Methods C67, Section 8, as follows: Thetest sample shall consist of five whole tiles. The freezing traysand containers shall be of sufficient size and depth to allow thetiles to be completely submerged in water when pl
34、acedhorizontally. The tiles shall be completely submerged in waterwhen the trays are placed in the freezing chamber. It is notprohibited to test individual tile or to stack tile on top of eachother in the tray, provided that spacers at least14 in. (6 mm)thick are used between adjacent tiles and that
35、 the total stack iscompletely submerged.TABLE 1 Grade Classification for Clay Roof TilesGrade(All Types)Weathering Index (see Annex A1)1 500 and greater2 50to5003 less than 50TABLE 2 Physical RequirementsAbsorption RequirementsGradeCold Water AbsorptionMaximum PercentMaximum SaturationCoefficientAAv
36、erage ofFive TilesIndividualTileAverage ofFive TilesIndividualTile1 6 8 0.74 0.762 11 13 0.80 0.823 13 15 0.84 0.86AThe saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in waterat a temperature of 75 6 10F (24 6 6C) to that after 5 h submersion in boilingwater.C1167 112NOTE 4A la
37、rge capacity freezer is generally necessary to accomplishfreezing in the manner specified in Test Methods C67 for trays containingmore than one tile. It is not prohibited to use custom trays to enclose thetile(s) and minimize the volume of water required to completely submergethe tile(s).6.2.2 A lot
38、 of tiles shall be given the Grade 1 rating withoutrepeating a freezing and thawing test provided that a previouslot made by the supplier from similar materials, by the sameprocess, at the same production plant, and within the previous12 months, had passed the test, and provided also that a sampleof
39、 five tiles selected from the lot has an average and individualminimum transverse strength not less than the previouslygraded sample and has average and individual maximum waterabsorption and saturation coefficient not greater than those ofthe previously graded sample.NOTE 5Unless specifically reque
40、sted by the purchaser, the 50-cyclefreezing and thawing test is used only as an alternative when tiles do notconform to either Table 2 requirements for maximum water absorptionand saturation coefficient, or to the restrictive absorption requirements in6.1.6.3 StrengthThe transverse breaking strength
41、 of tiles shallbe determined as described for the Flexure Test in TestMethods C67 except as modified in 6.3.1 to 6.3.7.6.3.1 Five tiles shall be tested wet after a 24-h submersionin water at a temperature of 75 6 10F (24 6 6C) or five tilesshall be tested dry after heating in a ventilated oven for 2
42、4 h ata temperature of 230 to 239F (110 to 115C).6.3.1.1 Tile shall be considered to comply with this speci-fication when they pass the requirement of either the wet or thedry transverse strength test. The choice of method, wet or dry,shall be mutually agreed upon between specifier and supplier.6.3.
43、2 The span chosen for the test shall be 12 in. (30.5 cm)6 5%or23 of the length of the tile, whichever is greater. Thespan is measured between the centers of the lower supportmembers (6.3.3 and Fig. 1).6.3.2.1 It is not prohibited to use a shorter span thanrequired by 6.3.2 when the length of the til
44、e to be tested is notsufficient to allow a 12 in. (30.5 cm) span to be used. In thatcase, a shorter span, not less than two-thirds of the length of thetile, shall be used and the required minimum values in Table 3shall be increased proportionately to the reduction in span, thatis, multiplied by:12sp
45、an used in.!(1)6.3.3 The tile shall be tested in a three-point bending modein a horizontal plane with the bottom surface of the tile restingon two lower support members and with the load being appliedto the upper (exposed) surface of the tile by a third memberNOTE 1See text for dimensions.FIG. 1 Sch
46、ematic of Assembly for Flexure Strength TestingC1167 113moving in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the tile andat mid-span (that is, equidistant from each of the lower supportmembers).6.3.4 The two support members and the loading membershall be of metal or hardwood with 1 in. (25 mm) 6 5 %
47、widefaces. The faces shall be shaped (see Note 6) to closelyconform to the profile of the surface of the tile upon which theybear during the test (it is prohibited to use different profiles foreach member depending on the profile and cross-sectionalshape of the tile). The total height of the members
48、 shall not bemore than 1 in. (25 mm) greater than the rise of the tile profileand, if hardwood, they shall be backed up with steel bearingplates at least12 in. (13 mm) thick. A rubber shim strip316 in.(4.8 mm) 6 10 % thick of hardness no greater than ShoreDurometer 30 (A scale), and 1 in. (25 mm) 6
49、5 % wide, shallbe placed between the faces of the support and loadingmembers and the surface of the tile. A schematic of theassembly for testing a typical “ S” tile is shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 6The intent of the defined loading system is (1) to apply thebending force with a loading member that pushes against as much of theprofiled surface of the tile as is practical, (2) to support the tile onmembers that support as much of the profiled surface of the tile as ispractical, and (3) to ensure that the contact area of both the loading andsupport members be eq
