1、Designation: C 1175 99a (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide toTest Methods and Standards for Nondestructive Testing ofAdvanced Ceramics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide identifies and describes standard proceduresand methods for nondestructive testing of
3、 advanced ceramicsusing radiology, ultrasonics, liquid penetrants, and acousticemission.1.2 This guide is to identify existing standards for nonde-structive testing that have been determined to be (or have beenmodified to be) applicable to the examination of advancedceramics. These standards have be
4、en generated by, and areunder the jurisdiction of, ASTM Committee E-7 on Nonde-structive Testing. Selection and application of these standardsto be followed must be governed by experience and the specificrequirements in each individual case, together with agreementbetween producer and user.1.3 The v
5、alues stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap
6、pro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 94 Guide for Radiographic TestingE 114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-BeamExamination by the Contact MethodE 165 Test Method for Li
7、quid Penetrant ExaminationE 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristicsof Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Systems Without the Useof Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE 494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Mate-rialsE 569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-tures
8、 During Controlled StimulationE 587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Examination bythe Contact MethodE 650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionSensorsE 664 Practice for Measurement of the Apparent Attenua-tion of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by ImmersionMethodE 750 Practice for Char
9、acterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-mentationE 797 Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultra-sonic Pulse-Echo Contact MethodE 976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acous-tic Emission Sensor ResponseE 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-diographic Film ProcessingE
10、 1000 Guide for RadioscopyE 1065 Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of UltrasonicSearch UnitsE 1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-etersE 1106 Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emis-sion SensorsE 1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots ofIndustrial X-Ray Tubes b
11、y Pinhole ImagingE 1208 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-cessE 1209 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Water-Washable ProcessE 1210 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using t
12、he Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Pro-cessE 1219 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-amination Using the Solvent-Removable ProcessE 1220 Test Method for Visible Penetrant ExaminationUsing the Solvent-Removable ProcessE 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and UnexposedIndustrial Radiog
13、raphic Films1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on AdvancedCeramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.02 on Design andEvaluation.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as
14、 C 1175 99a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
15、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 1255 Practice for RadioscopyE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 1324 Guide for Measuring Some Electronic Characteris-tics of Ultrasonic Examination InstrumentsE 1390 Guide for Illuminators Used for Viewing Industrial
16、RadiographsE 1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic SystemsE 1441 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) ImagingE 1453 Guide for Storage of Media That Contains Analogor Digital Radioscopic DataE 1570 Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Exami-nationE 1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sens
17、itivity inRadioscopyE 1672 Guide to Computed Tomography (CT) System Se-lectionE 1695 Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomog-raphy (CT) System PerformanceE 1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration of AcousticEmission TransducersE 1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of RadiologicalExamination
18、by Using Representative Quality Indicators(RQIs)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology E 1316, Section F for liquid penetrants,Section I for ultrasonics, Section D for radiology, and SectionB for acoustic emission.4. Significance and Use4.1 This
19、 guide is a compilation of standards intended toprovide assistance in selecting appropriate nondestructive ex-amination for advanced ceramics, and in turn, to provideguidance for performing the examination, as well as ensuringthe proper performance of the equipment.5. Apparatus5.1 Use the equipment
20、as specified in each standard.6. Radiology6.1 Terminology:6.1.1 Terminology E 1316, Section D, covers the consensusdefinitions used to describe the various aspects of radiology ofmaterials.6.1.2 Significance and UseThe identification and use ofcommon terms and definitions are necessary to ensure pro
21、percommunication between producers, examiners, and users ofboth nondestructive examination equipment and techniquesand advanced ceramics.6.2 Practice E 1079 covers the calibration of transmissiondensitometers used to perform radiographic film density mea-surements.6.2.1 Summary of PracticePractice E
22、 1079 describes thenecessary apparatus (film strips and instrument), measurementprocedure, recording requirements, and periods of verificationfor calibrating transmission densitometers.6.2.2 Significance and UseAttaining proper film densityis important to the establishment of valid radiographic film
23、.Practice E 1079 provides a means of evaluating the reliabilityof transmission densitometers used for the measurement ofradiographic film density. The test is not intended to qualify theradiographs measured by transmission densitometers cali-brated in accordance with this practice.6.3 Guide E 1000 i
24、s a guide for tutorial purposes only andoutlines the general principles of radioscopic imaging. Thisguide describes practices and image quality measuring systemsfor real-time and near real-time non-film detection, display, andrecording of radioscopic images. These images, used in mate-rials inspecti
25、on, are generated by penetrating radiation passingthrough the subject material and producing an image on thedetecting medium. The image detection and display techniquesare nonfilm, but the use of photographic film as a means forpermanent recording of the image is not precluded.6.3.1 Summary of Guide
26、Guide E 1000 outlines the prac-tices for the use of radioscopic methods and techniques formaterials examinations. It is intended to provide a basicunderstanding of the method and the techniques involved. Theselection of an imaging device, radiation source, and radiologi-cal and optical techniques to
27、 achieve a specified quality inradioscopic images is described.6.3.2 Significance and UseRadioscopy is a versatile non-destructive means for examining an object. It provides imme-diate information regarding the nature, size, location, anddistribution of imperfections, both internal and external. It
28、alsoprovides a rapid check of the dimensions, mechanical configu-ration, and the presence and positioning of components in amechanism. It indicates in real-time the presence of structuralor component imperfections anywhere in a mechanism or anassembly. Through manipulation, it may provide three-dime
29、nsional information regarding the nature, sizes, and rela-tive positioning of items of interest within an object, and can befurther employed to check the functioning of internal mecha-nisms. Radioscopy permits timely assessments of productintegrity, and allows prompt disposition of the product based
30、on acceptance standards. Although closely related to theradiographic method, it has much lower operating costs interms of time, manpower, and material. Long-term records ofthe radioscopic image may be obtained through motion-picturerecording (cinefluorography), video recording, or “still” pho-tograp
31、hs using conventional cameras. The radioscopic imagemay be electronically enhanced, digitized, or otherwise pro-cessed for improved visual image analysis or automatic,computer-aided analysis, or both.6.4 Practice E 1255 provides application details for radio-scopic examination using penetrating radi
32、ation. This includesreal-time radioscopy and, for the purposes of this standard,radioscopy where the motion of the test object must be limited(commonly referred to as near-real-time radioscopy). Since thetechniques involved and the applications for radioscopic ex-amination are diverse, this practice
33、 is not intended to belimiting or restrictive, but rather to address the general appli-cations of the technology and thereby facilitate its use.6.4.1 The general principles discussed in Practice E 1255apply broadly to penetrating radiation radioscopic systems.However, this document is written specif
34、ically for use withX-ray and gamma-ray systems.C 1175 99a (2004)26.4.2 Summary of PracticeManual evaluation as well ascomputer-aided automated radioscopic examination systemsare used in a wide variety of penetrating radiation examinationapplications. A simple manual evaluation radioscopic exami-nati
35、on system might consist of a radiation source and a directlyviewed fluorescent screen, suitably enclosed in a radiation-protective enclosure. At the other extreme, a complex auto-mated radioscopic examination system might consist of anX-ray source, a robotic test part manipulator, a radiation-protec
36、tive enclosure, an electronic image detection system, aclosed circuit television image transmission system, a digitalimage processor, a video display, and a digital image archivingsystem. All system components are supervised by the hostcomputer, that incorporates the software necessary to not onlyop
37、erate the system components, but to make accept/rejectdecisions as well. Systems having a wide range of capabilitiesbetween these extremes can be assembled using availablecomponents. Guide E 1000 lists many different system con-figurations.6.4.3 While Practice E 1255 outlines the approach to betaken
38、 in applying radioscopic real-time examination tech-niques, a supplemental document is required covering thoseareas where agreement between the provider3and user4ofradioscopic examination services is required. Generally, thoseareas are application-specific and performance-related, cover-ing such are
39、as as system configuration, equipment qualifica-tion, performance measurement, and interpretation of results.6.4.4 Significance and UseAs with conventional radiog-raphy, radioscopic examination is broadly applicable to anymaterial or test object through which a beam of penetratingradiation may be pa
40、ssed and detected, including metals,plastics, ceramics, composites, and other nonmetallic materi-als. In addition to the benefits normally associated withradiography, radioscopic examination is a dynamic, filmlesstechnique, allowing the test part to be manipulated and imagingparameters optimized whi
41、le the test object is undergoingexamination. Recent technological advances in the area ofprojection imaging, detectors, and digital image processingprovide acceptable sensitivity for a wide range of applications.6.5 Test Method E 1165 provides instructions for determin-ing the length and width dimen
42、sions of line focal spots inindustrial X-ray tubes (see Note 1). This determination is basedon the measurement of an image of a focal spot that has beenradiographically recorded with a “pinhole” projection/imagingtechnique.NOTE 1Line focal spots are associated with vacuum X-ray tubeswhose maximum vo
43、ltage rating does not generally exceed 500 kV.6.5.1 Test Method E 1165 may not yield meaningful resultson focal spots whose nominal size is less than 0.3 mm (0.011in. (see Note 2). This test method may also be used todetermine the presence or extent of focal spot damage ordeterioration that may have
44、 occurred due to tube age, tubeoverloading, and the like. This would entail the production ofa focal spot radiograph (with the pinhole method) and anevaluation of the resultant image for pitting, cracking, and thelike.NOTE 2The X-ray tube manufacturer may be contacted for nominalfocal spot dimension
45、s.6.5.2 Significance and UseOne of the factors affecting thequality of a radiographic image is geometric unsharpness. Thedegree of geometric unsharpness is dependent upon the focalsize of the radiation source, the distance between the sourceand the object to be radiographed, and the distance between
46、 theobject to be radiographed and the film. This test method allowsthe user to determine the focal size of the X-ray source and touse this result to establish source-to-object and object-to-filmdistances appropriate for maintaining the desired degree ofgeometric unsharpness.6.6 Guide E 999 establish
47、es guidelines that may be used forthe control and maintenance of industrial radiographic filmprocessing equipment and materials. The provisions in thisguide are intended to control the reliability of the chemicalprocess only and are not intended for controlling the accept-ability or quality of indus
48、trial radiographic films or of thematerials or products radiographed.6.6.1 Summary of GuideGuide E 999 provides instruc-tions for the mixing of radiographic processing chemicals forboth manual and automatic processes and for their storage,replenishment, and cautions about temperature, deterioration,
49、and contamination. Recommendations are provided for bothmanual and automated processing of film. Instructions aregiven for the activity testing of processing solutions and formaintenance of records.6.6.2 Significance and UseEffective use of these guide-lines aids in controlling the consistency and quality of indus-trial radiographic film processing. Improper processing canobscure the desired radiographic detail even though the properradiographic procedure may have been used. The necessity ofapplying specific control procedures such as those described inthis guide is dep
