1、Designation: C119 083Standard Terminology Relating toDimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C119; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic
2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEIn the definiton of microfissure “naked eye” was changed to “unaided eye” editorially in
3、 October 2009.2NOTEThe words “or hollow” were removed from the 2nd definition of “rift” in August 2010.3NOTEThe terms “fleuri-cut” and “vein-cut” were added editorially under General Terms in May 2011.INTRODUCTIONDimension stone, as used here, is natural stone that has been selected and fabricated t
4、o specific sizesor shapes, with or without one or more mechanically dressed or finished surfaces, for use as buildingfacing, curbing, paving stone, monuments and memorials, and various industrial products. The termdimension stone is in contradistinction to crushed and broken stone, such as is used f
5、or aggregate,roadstone, fill, or chemical raw materials. Because all stone is a natural material, the definitionexcludes all manmade materials that simulate stone. In common practice, some dimension stones arereinforced, filled, or surface treated.Terms used in definitions and nomenclature shall be
6、interpreted in accordance with commonlyaccepted scientific and technical terms of the geological sciences except as otherwise specificallynoted.Examples of such exceptions are the broader commercial definitions of granite and marble, whichhave become well established in the dimension stone industry
7、and trade. Definitions and termsincluded in these definitions have been formulated in accordance with common industrial usage wherethis is not in conflict with current scientific usage.GENERAL TERMSanchorin general, a metal shape inserted into a slot or holein the stone that provides for the transfe
8、r of loads from thestone to the building structure, either directly or through anintermediate structure.anchoragethe system consisting of stone, anchor and pri-mary structure, secondary structure or back-up preventinglateral movement of the stone.arristhe junction of two planes of the same stone for
9、ming anexternal edge.ashlar(1) a squared block of building stone; (2) a masonryof such stones; (3) a thin-dressed rectangle of stone forfacing of walls (often called ashlar veneer).building stonenatural rock of adequate quality to be quar-ried and cut as dimension stone as it exists in nature, as us
10、edin the construction industry.chipan irregularly shaped fragment dislodged from a stonesurface.claddingnonload-bearing stone used as the facing materialin wall construction that contains other materials.copingdimension stone used as the top course of a masonrywall, often sloped to shed water.cracka
11、 partial break in the stone (see fracture, microcrack,seam).cubic stockin general, a thick dimension stone unit which isnot precisely defined in terms of thickness for every kind ofstone, particularly for limestone and sandstone. For marbleor granite, cubic stock is a unit that is greater than 50 mm
12、 inthickness. For limestone, cubic stock is a unit that is greaterthan 75 mm to 100 mm in thickness, and for sandstone, aunit that is greater than 150 mm to 200 mm in thickness. (Incontrast, see thin stone.)cut stonestone fabricated to specific dimensions.dimension stonenatural stone that has been s
13、elected andfabricated to specific sizes or shapes.DISCUSSIONThe term dimension stone is in contradistinction tocrushed and broken stone, such as is used for aggregate, roadstone, fill,1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 onDimension Stone and is the direct responsibility
14、 of Subcommittee C18.91 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1926. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C119 07a. DOI:10.1520/C0119-08E03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
15、cken, PA 19428-2959, United States.or chemical raw materials. In common practice, some dimension stonesare reinforced, filled, or surface treated.dressed stoneSee cut stone, finished stone.durabilitythe measure of the ability of dimension stone toendure and to maintain its essential and distinctive
16、charac-teristics of strength, resistance to decay, and appearance.Durability is based on the length of time that a stone canmaintain its innate characteristics in use. This time will varydepending on the environment, the use, and the finish of thestone in question (for example, outdoor versus indoor
17、 use).dry seama natural separation that has not been filled orbonded.fabricationwhen applied to dimension stone, any of theprocesses involved in changing a raw stone piece to its finalend use form. This includes, but is not limited to cutting,splitting, grinding, drilling, or face-finishing.fading (
18、slate)a slate that has a significant color changewithin the first year of exposure to weather, often the resultof chemical alteration of the iron minerals.finished stonedimension stone with one or more mechani-cally exposed surfaces.fillingthe application of materials, often cements or syntheticresi
19、ns, into natural voids in a stone during fabrication.fissurea naturally occurring separation which may or maynot affect the performance of the stone.fleuri-cut (cross-cut), adjdescribes stone that is cut parallelto the natural veining.flooringstone used as in interior pedestrian wearing surface.frac
20、turea complete break in the stone (see crack, microc-rack, seam).freestonea stone having little or no preferential direction ofsplitting which may be cut freely in any direction withoutfracture or splitting.grain(1) a distinguishable rock constituent which itself hasa distinct identity, for example,
21、 a mineral crystal, an oolith,a rock fragment (in sedimentary rocks), or clast.(2) a direction in a rock body along which it is more easilybroken, split, or cut. See rift.granularcomposed of particles visible to the unaided eye.For sedimentary stone, the predominant particle distributionis less than
22、 4 mm in size.hysteresisthe residual strain in stone after the stress causingsuch strain is changed.installationthe process of assembling dimension stone into astructure.laminationlayers of material bonded together.linera small block of stone secured to the rear face of adimension stone panel with p
23、ins and adhesive for thepurpose of providing a concealed horizontal bearing surface(see Fig. 3a and 3b in C1242).microcracka crack too small to be seen with the unaided eye(see crack, fracture, seam).microfissurea fissure that cannot be seen with the unaidedeye.monumental stonerock of adequate quali
24、ty to be quarriedand cut as dimension stone as it exists in nature, as used inthe monument and memorial industry.open seamsunfilled fissures or naturally occurring cracks instone.panelcut stone with face dimensions large in relation to itsthickness, for placement in a building structure or frameasse
25、mbly.pavingstone used in an interior pedestrian wearing surfaceas in patios, walkways, driveways, and the like. (Seeflooring)pitssmall depressions, voids or pinholes in stone, especiallyon a finished surface.polished finisha surface that has high luster and strongreflection of incident light.process
26、ingthe work involved in transforming quarry blocksinto dimension stone, including sawing, drilling, grinding,honing, polishing, carving, and all other operations neces-sary for installation.resinationa cosmetic enhancement to stone slabs containingpits, fissures, cracks or other surface irregulariti
27、es in whichan adhesive resin of epoxy, polyester, or acrylic base hasbeen applied to the slab face and allowed to cure prior to thepolishing of the slab.ribbonin some slate, narrow bands of contrasting color orappearance differing in some degree in chemical composi-tion from the main body.rift(1) a
28、consistent direction or trend in a rock body alongwhich the rock is most easily split or broken.(2) The grain orientation in stone, particularly in sedimen-tary stones, showing more or less clearly how the stone wasoriginally bedded, and with or without color or grain-sizechanges or voids.rocka natu
29、rally occurring, consolidated aggregation of oneor more minerals constituting the crust of the Earth.rustication (or reveal)a continuous groove cut within theface or along the edge of a dimension stone panel, usuallyfor the purpose of visually imitating or accentuating a jointlocation (see Fig. 1).s
30、eama naturally filled or bonded feature in the stone, such asa streak or a vein, which may or may not adversely affect thestrength of a stone (see crack, fracture, microcrack).shaped stonedimension stone processed by carving, grind-ing, sawing, or other means into specific nonplanar configu-rations.
31、shop drawingswhen applied to dimension stone , a highlydetailed drawing that shows the net dimensions, joint dimen-sions, anchor locations and orientations, of the dimensionstone and the relationship with the other building materialsbeing used.slaba piece of stone produced by shaving or splitting in
32、 thefirst milling or quarrying operation. A slab has two parallelsurfaces.snipthe area of a stone surface from which a chip has beendislodged.sound stonestone which is free of cracks, fissures, or otherphysical defects.C119 0832spalls(1) fragments or chips from a piece of dimensionstone. (2) waste s
33、tone usually of small size from thequarrying and milling of dimension limestone.stickinga method of repairing the butt edge of a brokenpiece of stone, generally done with dowels, cements, orepoxies. The pieces are “stuck” together, thus “sticking”.stonea naturally-consolidated substance formed from
34、min-erals, geologically synonymous with rock (see rock, seedimension stone if selected or fabricated).DISCUSSIONThis term does not include any manufactured stone-likeproducts or manmade materials that simulate stone.texture(1) a modified appearance of dimension stone result-ing from one or several m
35、echanical surface treatments.Untreated stone surfaces have textural characteristics de-scribed under (2).(2) that aspect of the physical appearance of a rock that isdetermined by size, shape, and mutual relations of the compo-nent grains or crystals. Textures related to dimension stoneinclude equigr
36、anular (grains of approximately the same size);inequigranular (grains of markedly unequal sizes); porphyritic(see Note 2 under Granite Group); interlocking (in whichgrains with irregular boundaries interlock by mutual penetra-tion); interlocking and porphyritic textures are characteristic ofgranites
37、 and marbles; clastic (naturally cemented fragmentalgrains but without mosaic or interlocking relations; this textureis typical of sandstones and some limestones); mosaic (closelypacked grains with smooth to moderately irregular, noninter-locking mutual boundaries); granoblastic (a megascopicallygra
38、nular mosaic texture in which the grains are tightly com-pacted and the minerals are dominantly equidimensional andpresent irregular mutual boundaries; mosaic and granoblastictextures are characteristic of metamorphic rocks).thermal hysteresisthe permanent, incremental deformationof certain stones d
39、ue to thermal cycling, usually associatedwith loss of strength.thin stone/thin veneera cladding under 50 mm (2-in.) thick.tilea thin modular stone unit.unfading (slate)a slate that shows no significant colorchange within the first year of exposure.vein-cut, adjdescribes stone that is cut perpendicul
40、ar to thenatural veining.veiningthe presence in an otherwise homogeneous stone ofbands, streaks or irregular bodies of a contrasting color orappearance, and frequently having a different mineralogicalcomposition to the predominant material. “Veining” does notapply to gneiss, commercial granite types
41、, and slate (seeribbon).veneera nonload-bearing facing of stone attached to abacking for the purpose of ornamentation, protection, orinsulation.DISCUSSIONVeneer shall support no vertical load other than its ownweight and possibly the vertical dead load of veneer above.walls, veneeredSee veneer.waxin
42、gthe practice of filling minor surface voids in stonewith certain polyester compounds, cabinetmakers wax, ormelted shellac. (It does not refer to the application of pastewax to make the surface shinier.)wearthe removal of material or impairment of surface finishthrough friction or impact.DISCUSSIONW
43、ear is an artificial process. The rate of wear may beaffected by chemical action.weatheringnatural alteration by either chemical or mechani-cal processes due to the action of constituents of theatmosphere, surface water or ground water, or to temperaturechange.DISCUSSIONChanges by weathering are not
44、 necessarily undesirableor harmful; rather they may enhance the texture and color of the stone.STONE FINISHESBY FAMILYEvery material used in construction has a finish or surface;dimension stone has a plethora of finishes. This sectiondescribes common finishes and classifies them into a number offami
45、lies by relief or roughness. The finishes in each family arealso arranged from the least relief to the most relief.Stone finishes are a complex matter for a number of reasons.New manufacturing or finishing methods or variations orcombinations of other methods of finishing stone are continu-ally bein
46、g developed. Stone finish names sometimes overlap orare variations of other finishes.Finish options for any kind of stone vary by the geologiccategory of the stone (whether igneous, metamorphic, orsedimentary) and the unique combination of geological orphysical properties of the stone type. This mea
47、ns that anyparticular finish cannot be put on every type of stone (seeApplicability of Finishes for Various Stone Types Table inGuide C1528 for Selection of Dimension Stone for ExteriorUse). The individual definitions are sometimes nonspecific ornearly overlap. In practice, a detailed definition of
48、a specificstone finish is established between the producer and designerthrough dialogue, or reference sample(s), or both.The family or individual title “finish” will be used uniformlythroughout this section for ease of reference, although the termFIG. 1 RusticationC119 0833“surface” would be more ac
49、curate when no work has been doneon it and no improvements made postquarry (as in certainrough finishes; see Note 2). “Surface” will be used uniformlyin the sense of the outward appearance or face of the stone.Thus we have the Least Textured Finishes (family) and thePolished (finish)a highly-reflective surface, and so forth.Surface VariationThe dimensions of variation in surface profile given in thefollowing definitions are for indicative purposes only. Thevalues do not denote acceptable tolerances or
