1、Designation: C119 11Standard Terminology Relating toDimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C119; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONDimension stone, as used here, is natural stone that has been selected and fabrica
3、ted to specific sizesor shapes, with or without one or more mechanically dressed or finished surfaces, for use as buildingfacing, curbing, paving stone, monuments and memorials, and various industrial products. The termdimension stone is in contradistinction to crushed and broken stone, such as is u
4、sed for aggregate,roadstone, fill, or chemical raw materials. Because all stone is a natural material, the definitionexcludes all manmade materials that simulate stone. In common practice, some dimension stones arereinforced, filled, or surface treated.Terms used in definitions and nomenclature shal
5、l be interpreted in accordance with commonlyaccepted scientific and technical terms of the geological sciences except as otherwise specificallynoted.Examples of such exceptions are the broader commercial definitions of granite and marble, whichhave become well established in the dimension stone indu
6、stry and trade. Definitions and termsincluded in these definitions have been formulated in accordance with common industrial usage wherethis is not in conflict with current scientific usage.GENERAL TERMSanchorin general, a metal shape inserted into a slot or holein the stone that provides for the tr
7、ansfer of loads from thestone to the building structure, either directly or through anintermediate structure.anchoragethe system consisting of stone, anchor and pri-mary structure, secondary structure or back-up preventinglateral movement of the stone.arristhe junction of two planes of the same ston
8、e forming anexternal edge.ashlar(1) a squared block of building stone; (2) a masonryof such stones; (3) a thin-dressed rectangle of stone forfacing of walls (often called ashlar veneer).building stonenatural rock of adequate quality to be quar-ried and cut as dimension stone as it exists in nature,
9、as usedin the construction industry.chipan irregularly shaped fragment dislodged from a stonesurface.claddingnonload-bearing stone used as the facing materialin wall construction that contains other materials.copingdimension stone used as the top course of a masonrywall, often sloped to shed water.c
10、racka partial break in the stone (see fracture, microcrack,seam).cubic stockin general, a thick dimension stone unit which isnot precisely defined in terms of thickness for every kind ofstone, particularly for limestone and sandstone. For marbleor granite, cubic stock is a unit that is greater than
11、50 mm inthickness. For limestone, cubic stock is a unit that is greaterthan 75 mm to 100 mm in thickness, and for sandstone, aunit that is greater than 150 mm to 200 mm in thickness. (Incontrast, see thin stone.)cut stonestone fabricated to specific dimensions.dimension stonenatural stone that has b
12、een selected andfabricated to specific sizes or shapes.DISCUSSIONThe term dimension stone is in contradistinction tocrushed and broken stone, such as is used for aggregate, roadstone, fill,or chemical raw materials. In common practice, some dimension stonesare reinforced, filled, or surface treated.
13、dressed stoneSee cut stone, finished stone.durabilitythe measure of the ability of dimension stone toendure and to maintain its essential and distinctive charac-teristics of strength, resistance to decay, and appearance.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 onDimension St
14、one and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.91 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved June 15, 2011. Published July 2011. Originallyapproved in 1926. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C119 083. DOI:10.1520/C0119-11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
15、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Durability is based on the length of time that a stone canmaintain its innate characteristics in use. This time will varydepending on the environment, the use, and the finish of thestone in question (for example, outdoor versus indo
16、or use).dry seama natural separation that has not been filled orbonded.fabricationwhen applied to dimension stone, any of theprocesses involved in changing a raw stone piece to its finalend use form. This includes, but is not limited to cutting,splitting, grinding, drilling, or face-finishing.fading
17、 (slate)a slate that has a significant color changewithin the first year of exposure to weather, often the resultof chemical alteration of the iron minerals.finished stonedimension stone with one or more mechani-cally exposed surfaces.fillingthe application of materials, often cements or syntheticre
18、sins, into natural voids in a stone during fabrication.fissurea naturally occurring separation which may or maynot affect the performance of the stone.fleuri-cut (cross-cut), adjdescribes stone that is cut parallelto the natural veining.flooringstone used as in interior pedestrian wearing surface.fr
19、acturea complete break in the stone (see crack, microc-rack, seam).freestonea stone having little or no preferential direction ofsplitting which may be cut freely in any direction withoutfracture or splitting.grain(1) a distinguishable rock constituent which itself hasa distinct identity, for exampl
20、e, a mineral crystal, an oolith,a rock fragment (in sedimentary rocks), or clast.(2) a direction in a rock body along which it is more easilybroken, split, or cut. See rift.granularcomposed of particles visible to the unaided eye.For sedimentary stone, the predominant particle distributionis less th
21、an 4 mm in size.hysteresisthe residual strain in stone after the stress causingsuch strain is changed.installationthe process of assembling dimension stone into astructure.laminationwhen applied to the processing of dimensionstone, refers to the adhesive bonding of multiple layers ofstone, or stone
22、to other materials.linera small block of stone secured to the rear face of adimension stone panel with pins and adhesive for thepurpose of providing a concealed horizontal bearing surface(see Fig. 3a and 3b in C1242).microcracka crack too small to be seen with the unaided eye(see crack, fracture, se
23、am).microfissurea fissure that cannot be seen with the unaidedeye.monumental stonerock of adequate quality to be quarriedand cut as dimension stone as it exists in nature, as used inthe monument and memorial industry.open seamsunfilled fissures or naturally occurring cracks instone.panelcut stone wi
24、th face dimensions large in relation to itsthickness, for placement in a building structure or frameassembly.pavingstone used in an interior pedestrian wearing surfaceas in patios, walkways, driveways, and the like. (Seeflooring)pitssmall depressions, voids or pinholes in stone, especiallyon a finis
25、hed surface.polished finisha surface that has high luster and strongreflection of incident light.processingthe work involved in transforming quarry blocksinto dimension stone, including sawing, drilling, grinding,honing, polishing, carving, and all other operations neces-sary for installation.resina
26、tiona cosmetic enhancement to stone slabs containingpits, fissures, cracks or other surface irregularities in whichan adhesive resin of epoxy, polyester, or acrylic base hasbeen applied to the slab face and allowed to cure prior to thepolishing of the slab.ribbonin some slate, narrow bands of contra
27、sting color orappearance differing in some degree in chemical composi-tion from the main body.rift(1) a consistent direction or trend in a rock body alongwhich the rock is most easily split or broken.(2) The grain orientation in stone, particularly in sedimen-tary stones, showing more or less clearl
28、y how the stone wasoriginally bedded, and with or without color or grain-sizechanges or voids.rocka naturally occurring, consolidated aggregation of oneor more minerals constituting the crust of the Earth.rustication (or reveal)a continuous groove cut within theface or along the edge of a dimension
29、stone panel, usuallyfor the purpose of visually imitating or accentuating a jointlocation (see Fig. 1).seama naturally filled or bonded feature in the stone, such asa streak or a vein, which may or may not adversely affect thestrength of a stone (see crack, fracture, microcrack).shaped stonedimensio
30、n stone processed by carving, grind-ing, sawing, or other means into specific nonplanar configu-rations.shop drawingswhen applied to dimension stone , a highlydetailed drawing that shows the net dimensions, joint dimen-sions, anchor locations and orientations, of the dimensionstone and the relations
31、hip with the other building materialsbeing used.slaba piece of stone produced by shaving or splitting in thefirst milling or quarrying operation. A slab has two parallelsurfaces.snipthe area of a stone surface from which a chip has beendislodged.sound stonestone which is free of cracks, fissures, or
32、 otherphysical defects.spalls(1) fragments or chips from a piece of dimensionstone. (2) waste stone usually of small size from theC119 112quarrying and milling of dimension limestone.stickinga method of repairing the butt edge of a brokenpiece of stone, generally done with dowels, cements, orepoxies
33、. The pieces are “stuck” together, thus “sticking”.stonea naturally-consolidated substance formed from min-erals, geologically synonymous with rock (see rock, seedimension stone if selected or fabricated).DISCUSSIONThis term does not include any manufactured stone-likeproducts or manmade materials t
34、hat simulate stone.texture(1) a modified appearance of dimension stone result-ing from one or several mechanical surface treatments.Untreated stone surfaces have textural characteristics de-scribed under (2).(2) that aspect of the physical appearance of a rock that isdetermined by size, shape, and m
35、utual relations of the compo-nent grains or crystals. Textures related to dimension stoneinclude equigranular (grains of approximately the same size);inequigranular (grains of markedly unequal sizes); porphyritic(see Note 2 under Granite Group); interlocking (in whichgrains with irregular boundaries
36、 interlock by mutual penetra-tion); interlocking and porphyritic textures are characteristic ofgranites and marbles; clastic (naturally cemented fragmentalgrains but without mosaic or interlocking relations; this textureis typical of sandstones and some limestones); mosaic (closelypacked grains with
37、 smooth to moderately irregular, noninter-locking mutual boundaries); granoblastic (a megascopicallygranular mosaic texture in which the grains are tightly com-pacted and the minerals are dominantly equidimensional andpresent irregular mutual boundaries; mosaic and granoblastictextures are character
38、istic of metamorphic rocks).thermal hysteresisthe permanent, incremental deformationof certain stones due to thermal cycling, usually associatedwith loss of strength.thin stone/thin veneera cladding under 50 mm (2-in.) thick.tilea thin modular stone unit.unfading (slate)a slate that shows no signifi
39、cant colorchange within the first year of exposure.vein-cut, adjdescribes stone that is cut perpendicular to thenatural veining.veiningthe presence in an otherwise homogeneous stone ofbands, streaks or irregular bodies of a contrasting color orappearance, and frequently having a different mineralogi
40、calcomposition to the predominant material. “Veining” does notapply to gneiss, commercial granite types, and slate (seeribbon).veneera nonload-bearing facing of stone attached to abacking for the purpose of ornamentation, protection, orinsulation.DISCUSSIONVeneer shall support no vertical load other
41、 than its ownweight and possibly the vertical dead load of veneer above.walls, veneeredSee veneer.waxingthe practice of filling minor surface voids in stonewith certain polyester compounds, cabinetmakers wax, ormelted shellac. (It does not refer to the application of pastewax to make the surface shi
42、nier.)wearthe removal of material or impairment of surface finishthrough friction or impact.DISCUSSIONWear is an artificial process. The rate of wear may beaffected by chemical action.weatheringnatural alteration by either chemical or mechani-cal processes due to the action of constituents of theatm
43、osphere, surface water or ground water, or to temperaturechange.DISCUSSIONChanges by weathering are not necessarily undesirableor harmful; rather they may enhance the texture and color of the stone.STONE FINISHESBY FAMILYEvery material used in construction has a finish or surface;dimension stone has
44、 a plethora of finishes. This sectiondescribes common finishes and classifies them into a number offamilies by relief or roughness. The finishes in each family arealso arranged from the least relief to the most relief.Stone finishes are a complex matter for a number of reasons.New manufacturing or f
45、inishing methods or variations orcombinations of other methods of finishing stone are continu-ally being developed. Stone finish names sometimes overlap orare variations of other finishes.Finish options for any kind of stone vary by the geologiccategory of the stone (whether igneous, metamorphic, or
46、sedimentary) and the unique combination of geological orphysical properties of the stone type. This means that anyparticular finish cannot be put on every type of stone (seeApplicability of Finishes for Various Stone Types Table inGuide C1528 for Selection of Dimension Stone for ExteriorUse). The in
47、dividual definitions are sometimes nonspecific ornearly overlap. In practice, a detailed definition of a specificstone finish is established between the producer and designerthrough dialogue, or reference sample(s), or both.The family or individual title “finish” will be used uniformlythroughout thi
48、s section for ease of reference, although the term“surface” would be more accurate when no work has been doneon it and no improvements made postquarry (as in certainFIG. 1 RusticationC119 113rough finishes; see Note 2). “Surface” will be used uniformlyin the sense of the outward appearance or face o
49、f the stone.Thus we have the Least Textured Finishes (family) and thePolished (finish)a highly-reflective surface, and so forth.Surface VariationThe dimensions of variation in surface profile given in thefollowing definitions are for indicative purposes only. Thevalues do not denote acceptable tolerances or minimum ormaximum values of surface variation for any given finish.LEAST TEXTURED FINISHES(less than 1 mm 132 in. of surface variation)polisheda highly-reflective surface, produced by mechanicalabrasion
