1、Designation: C119 141Standard Terminology Relating toDimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C119; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic
2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEThe terms sample, specifying authority, and specimen were added editorially under G
3、eneral Terms in December2015.INTRODUCTIONDimension stone, as used here, is natural stone that has been selected and fabricated to specific sizesor shapes, with or without one or more mechanically dressed or finished surfaces, for use as buildingfacing, curbing, paving stone, monuments and memorials,
4、 and various industrial products. The termdimension stone is in contradistinction to crushed and broken stone, such as is used for aggregate,roadstone, fill, or chemical raw materials. Because all stone is a natural material, the definitionexcludes all manmade materials that simulate stone. In commo
5、n practice, some dimension stones arereinforced, filled, or surface treated.Terms used in definitions and nomenclature shall be interpreted in accordance with commonlyaccepted scientific and technical terms of the geological sciences except as otherwise specificallynoted.Examples of such exceptions
6、are the broader commercial definitions of granite and marble, whichhave become well established in the dimension stone industry and trade. Definitions and termsincluded in these definitions have been formulated in accordance with common industrial usage wherethis is not in conflict with current scie
7、ntific usage.GENERAL TERMSanchorin general, a metal shape inserted into a slot or holein the stone that provides for the transfer of loads from thestone to the building structure, either directly or through anintermediate structure.anchoragethe system consisting of stone, anchor and pri-mary structu
8、re, secondary structure or back-up preventinglateral movement of the stone.arristhe junction of two planes of the same stone forming anexternal edge.ashlar(1) a squared block of building stone; (2) a masonryof such stones; (3) a thin-dressed rectangle of stone forfacing of walls (often called ashlar
9、 veneer).building stonenatural rock of adequate quality to be quar-ried and cut as dimension stone as it exists in nature, as usedin the construction industry.chipan irregularly shaped fragment dislodged from a stonesurface.claddingnonload-bearing stone used as the facing materialin wall constructio
10、n that contains other materials.copingdimension stone used as the top course of a masonrywall, often sloped to shed water.cracka partial break in the stone (see fracture, microcrack,seam).cubic stockin general, a thick dimension stone unit which isnot precisely defined in terms of thickness for ever
11、y kind ofstone, particularly for limestone and sandstone. For marbleor granite, cubic stock is a unit that is greater than 50 mm inthickness. For limestone, cubic stock is a unit that is greaterthan 75 mm to 100 mm in thickness, and for sandstone, aunit that is greater than 150 mm to 200 mm in thick
12、ness. (Incontrast, see thin stone.)1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 onDimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.91 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1926. La
13、st previous edition approved in 2011 as C119 11. DOI:10.1520/C0119-14E01.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1cut stonestone fabricated to specific dimensions.dimension stonenatural stone that has been selected andfabricate
14、d to specific sizes or shapes.DISCUSSIONThe term dimension stone is in contradistinction tocrushed and broken stone, such as is used for aggregate, roadstone, fill,or chemical raw materials. In common practice, some dimension stonesare reinforced, filled, or surface treated.dressed stoneSee cut ston
15、e, finished stone.durabilitythe measure of the ability of dimension stone toendure and to maintain its essential and distinctive charac-teristics of strength, resistance to decay, and appearance.Durability is based on the length of time that a stone canmaintain its innate characteristics in use. Thi
16、s time will varydepending on the environment, the use, and the finish of thestone in question (for example, outdoor versus indoor use).dry seama natural separation that has not been filled orbonded.fabricationwhen applied to dimension stone, any of theprocesses involved in changing a raw stone piece
17、 to its finalend use form. This includes, but is not limited to cutting,splitting, grinding, drilling, or face-finishing.fading (slate)a slate that has a significant color changewithin the first year of exposure to weather, often the resultof chemical alteration of the iron minerals.finished stonedi
18、mension stone with one or more mechani-cally exposed surfaces.fillingthe application of materials, often cements or syntheticresins, into natural voids in a stone during fabrication.fissurea naturally occurring separation which may or maynot affect the performance of the stone.flagstonenominally fla
19、t pieces of stone generally furnishedin irregular shapes with broken edges, typically used forpaving.fleuri-cut (cross-cut), adjdescribes stone that is cut parallelto the natural veining.flooringstone used as in interior pedestrian wearing surface.fracturea complete break in the stone (see crack,mic
20、rocrack, seam).freestonea stone having little or no preferential direction ofsplitting which may be cut freely in any direction withoutfracture or splitting.grain(1) a distinguishable rock constituent which itself hasa distinct identity, for example, a mineral crystal, an oolith,a rock fragment (in
21、sedimentary rocks), or clast.(2) a direction in a rock body along which it is more easilybroken, split, or cut. See rift.granularcomposed of particles visible to the unaided eye.For sedimentary stone, the predominant particle distributionis less than 4 mm in size.hysteresisthe residual strain in sto
22、ne after the stress causingsuch strain is changed.installationthe process of assembling dimension stone into astructure.laminationwhen applied to the processing of dimensionstone, refers to the adhesive bonding of multiple layers ofstone, or stone to other materials.linera small block of stone secur
23、ed to the rear face of adimension stone panel with pins and adhesive for thepurpose of providing a concealed horizontal bearing surface(see Fig. 3a and 3b in C1242).microcracka crack too small to be seen with the unaided eye(see crack, fracture, seam).microfissurea fissure that cannot be seen with t
24、he unaidedeye.monumental stonerock of adequate quality to be quarriedand cut as dimension stone as it exists in nature, as used inthe monument and memorial industry.open seamsunfilled fissures or naturally occurring cracks instone.panelcut stone with face dimensions large in relation to itsthickness
25、, for placement in a building structure or frameassembly.pavingstone used in an interior pedestrian wearing surfaceas in patios, walkways, driveways, and the like. (Seeflooring)pitssmall depressions, voids or pinholes in stone, especiallyon a finished surface.polished finisha surface that has high l
26、uster and strongreflection of incident light.processingthe work involved in transforming quarry blocksinto dimension stone, including sawing, drilling, grinding,honing, polishing, carving, and all other operations neces-sary for installation.resinationa cosmetic enhancement to stone slabs containing
27、pits, fissures, cracks or other surface irregularities in whichan adhesive resin of epoxy, polyester, or acrylic base hasbeen applied to the slab face and allowed to cure prior to thepolishing of the slab.ribbonin some slate, narrow bands of contrasting color orappearance differing in some degree in
28、 chemical composi-tion from the main body.rift(1) a consistent direction or trend in a rock body alongwhich the rock is most easily split or broken.(2) The grain orientation in stone, particularly in sedimen-tary stones, showing more or less clearly how the stone wasoriginally bedded, and with or wi
29、thout color or grain-sizechanges or voids.rocka naturally occurring, consolidated aggregation of oneor more minerals constituting the crust of the Earth.rustication (or reveal)a continuous groove cut within theface or along the edge of a dimension stone panel, usuallyC119 1412for the purpose of visu
30、ally imitating or accentuating a jointlocation (see Fig. 1).samplea small part or quantity of stone, usually a slab,panel, or ashlar, that is cut from a larger block of stone.seama naturally filled or bonded feature in the stone, such asa streak or a vein, which may or may not adversely affect thest
31、rength of a stone (see crack, fracture, microcrack).shaped stonedimension stone processed by carving,grinding, sawing, or other means into specific nonplanarconfigurations.shop drawingswhen applied to dimension stone, a highlydetailed drawing that shows the net dimensions, jointdimensions, anchor lo
32、cations and orientations, of the dimen-sion stone and the relationship with the other buildingmaterials being used.slaba piece of stone produced by shaving or splitting in thefirst milling or quarrying operation. A slab has two parallelsurfaces.snipthe area of a stone surface from which a chip has b
33、eendislodged.sound stonestone which is free of cracks, fissures, or otherphysical defects.spalls(1) fragments or chips from a piece of dimensionstone. (2) waste stone usually of small size from thequarrying and milling of dimension limestone.specifying authorityparty requiring testing of dimensionst
34、one material.specimenan individual piece of stone that is cut from asample to be used for physical or mechanical testing.stickinga method of repairing the butt edge of a brokenpiece of stone, generally done with dowels, cements, orepoxies. The pieces are “stuck” together, thus “sticking”.stonea natu
35、rally-consolidated substance formed fromminerals, geologically synonymous with rock (see rock, seedimension stone if selected or fabricated).DISCUSSIONThis term does not include any manufactured stone-likeproducts or manmade materials that simulate stone.texture(1) a modified appearance of dimension
36、 stone resultingfrom one or several mechanical surface treatments. Untreatedstone surfaces have textural characteristics described under (2).(2) that aspect of the physical appearance of a rock that isdetermined by size, shape, and mutual relations of the compo-nent grains or crystals. Textures rela
37、ted to dimension stoneinclude equigranular (grains of approximately the same size);inequigranular (grains of markedly unequal sizes); porphyritic(see Note 2 under Granite Group); interlocking (in whichgrains with irregular boundaries interlock by mutual penetra-tion); interlocking and porphyritic te
38、xtures are characteristic ofgranites and marbles; clastic (naturally cemented fragmentalgrains but without mosaic or interlocking relations; this textureis typical of sandstones and some limestones); mosaic (closelypacked grains with smooth to moderately irregular, noninter-locking mutual boundaries
39、); granoblastic (a megascopicallygranular mosaic texture in which the grains are tightly com-pacted and the minerals are dominantly equidimensional andpresent irregular mutual boundaries; mosaic and granoblastictextures are characteristic of metamorphic rocks).thermal hysteresisthe permanent, increm
40、ental deformationof certain stones due to thermal cycling, usually associatedwith loss of strength.thin stone/thin veneera cladding under 50 mm (2-in.) thick.tilea thin modular stone unit.unfading (slate)a slate that shows no significant colorchange within the first year of exposure.vein-cut, adjdes
41、cribes stone that is cut perpendicular to thenatural veining.veiningthe presence in an otherwise homogeneous stone ofbands, streaks or irregular bodies of a contrasting color orappearance, and frequently having a different mineralogicalcomposition to the predominant material. “Veining” does notapply
42、 to gneiss, commercial granite types, and slate (seeribbon).veneera nonload-bearing facing of stone attached to abacking for the purpose of ornamentation, protection, orinsulation.DISCUSSIONVeneer shall support no vertical load other than its ownweight and possibly the vertical dead load of veneer a
43、bove.walls, veneeredSee veneer.waxingthe practice of filling minor surface voids in stonewith certain polyester compounds, cabinetmakers wax, ormelted shellac. (It does not refer to the application of pastewax to make the surface shinier.)FIG. 1 RusticationC119 1413wearthe removal of material or imp
44、airment of surface finishthrough friction or impact.DISCUSSIONWear is an artificial process. The rate of wear may beaffected by chemical action.weatheringnatural alteration by either chemical or mechani-cal processes due to the action of constituents of theatmosphere, surface water or ground water,
45、or to temperaturechange.DISCUSSIONChanges by weathering are not necessarily undesirableor harmful; rather they may enhance the texture and color of the stone.STONE FINISHESBY FAMILYEvery material used in construction has a finish or surface;dimension stone has a plethora of finishes. This section de
46、-scribes common finishes and classifies them into a numberof families by relief or roughness. The finishes in each fam-ily are also arranged from the least relief to the most relief.Stone finishes are a complex matter for a number of rea-sons. New manufacturing or finishing methods or variationsor c
47、ombinations of other methods of finishing stone are con-tinually being developed. Stone finish names sometimesoverlap or are variations of other finishes.Finish options for any kind of stone vary by the geologiccategory of the stone (whether igneous, metamorphic, orsedimentary) and the unique combin
48、ation of geological orphysical properties of the stone type. This means that anyparticular finish cannot be put on every type of stone (seeApplicability of Finishes for Various Stone Types Table inGuide C1528 for Selection of Dimension Stone for ExteriorUse). The individual definitions are sometimes
49、 nonspecific ornearly overlap. In practice, a detailed definition of a specificstone finish is established between the producer and designerthrough dialogue, or reference sample(s), or both.The family or individual title “finish” will be used uni-formly throughout this section for ease of reference, al-though the term “surface” would be more accurate when nowork has been done on it and no improvements madepostquarry (as in certain rough finishes; see Note 2). “Sur-face” will be used uniformly in the sen
