1、Designation: C 1208/C 1208M 04Standard Specification forVitrified Clay Pipe and Joints for Use in Microtunneling,Sliplining, Pipe Bursting, and Tunnels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1208/C 1208M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes the criteria for the manu-facture, qu
3、ality assurance testing, inspection, installation, fieldacceptance testing, and product marking of vitrified clay pipeto be used in microtunneling, pilot tube microtunneling,sliplining, pipe bursting, and in casings and tunnels for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water.1.1.1 Se
4、ctions 3 through 7 and 9 of this specification containmanufacturing, quality assurance testing, inspection, and prod-uct marking criteria which are applicable to vitrified clay pipeprior to installation.1.1.2 Section 8 of this specification contains criteria for theinstallation and field acceptance
5、testing of vitrified clay pipe.1.2 This specification also covers materials and test require-ments for jointing of the pipe.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
6、eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shallbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
7、 is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC 301 Te
8、st Methods for Vitrified Clay PipeC 828 Test Method for Low-Pressure Air Test of VitrifiedClay Pipe LinesC 896 Terminology Relating to Clay ProductsC 1091 Test Method for Hydrostatic Infiltration and Exfil-tration Testing of Vitrified Clay Pipe LinesD 395 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyCompressionS
9、etD 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic ElastomersTensionD 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD 518 Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurfaceCrackingD 543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics toChemical ReagentsD 573 T
10、est Method for RubberDeterioration in an AirOvenD 1149 Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurfaceOzone Cracking in a ChamberD 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardness3. Terminology3.1 Definitions Terminology C 896 can be used for clari-fication of terminology in this specification.PIPE
11、4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Vitrified clay pipe shall be manufactured from fire clay,shale, surface clay, or a combination of these materials that,when formed into pipe and fired to suitable temperatures,yields a product that conforms to this specification.4.2 Test Requirements for Pipe:4.2.1 Te
12、st Samples:4.2.1.1 When requested, test samples representative of thepipe to be used shall be selected by the purchaser or hisrepresentative from the suppliers stock.4.2.1.2 The number of samples to be tested shall not exceed0.5 % of the number of pipe of each size furnished, except thatno less than
13、 three samples shall be tested.4.2.1.3 If any of the test samples fail to meet the require-ments of 4.2.2 through 4.2.5, the manufacturer will be allowedto retest two additional samples representative of the original1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 onVitrified Clay
14、 Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.20 onMethods of Test and Specifications.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published August 2004. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 1208/C 1208M02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websi
15、te, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United State
16、s.material for each one that failed. The pipe will be acceptable ifall retest samples meet the test requirements. If any of there-test pipe fail, the lot shall be rejected.4.2.1.4 If, subsequent to an initial test failure, the accuracyof the testing equipment is questioned, at the request of themanu
17、facturer, the equipment shall be recalibrated and a retestmade or a retest made using other equipment of knownaccuracy.4.2.2 Bearing Strength Pipe shall meet the bearingstrength requirements of Table 1 or Table 2.4.2.3 Compressive Strength Test:4.2.3.1 This test is used to determine the compressives
18、trength of pipe material. This test shall be performed onlywhen specified.4.2.3.2 Pipe material shall have a minimum compressivestrength of 7000 psi 48 MPa.4.2.3.3 The testing machine shall be of a type havingsufficient capacity and capable of providing the rates of loadingprescribed. The bearing ar
19、ea from which the force will beapplied shall be spherically seated.4.2.3.4 The specimen shall be a cylinder cut from the pipeso that the length of the specimen is along the longitudinal axisof the pipe. The cylinder shall have a minimum diameter of 1in. (25 mm) for pipe wall thicknesses through 2 1/
20、2 in. (64 mm)and 2 in. (51 mm) for greater wall thicknesses and a diameterto length ratio of 1:1. The tolerance of the diameter and lengthshall be + 10 % 0 %. Measurements shall be made to thenearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm).4.2.3.5 The test load on the specimen shall be centeredaxially on the ends of t
21、he cylinder.4.2.3.6 The bearing surfaces of the specimen shall beparallel planes and perpendicular to the vertical axis.4.2.3.7 The bearing surface of the test samples shall beground to planes, parallel within 0.002 in. (0.05 mm). The useof capping material is not permitted.4.2.3.8 Apply the load up
22、 to 3500 psi 24 MPa. Theremaining required load is applied at the uniform rate in notless than 1 min nor more than 2 min.4.2.3.9 Calculate and report the compressive strength asfollows:Compressive Strength, C 5 W/A (1)where:C = compressive strength of the specimen, psi (kPa) to thenearest 100 psi 69
23、0 kPa,W = recorded load, lbf kgf/mm2, indicated by the testingmachine, andA = average of the gross areas of the upper and lowerbearing surfaces of the specimen, in.2mm2tothenearest 0.04 in.226 mm2.4.2.4 Hydrostatic Pressure Test or Absorption Test:4.2.4.1 The manufacturer shall, at his option, apply
24、 either ahydrostatic pressure test or an absorption test to all of the testspecimens.4.2.4.2 Hydrostatic Pressure TestWhen the pipe is sub-jected to an internal hydrostatic pressure of 10 psi 69 kPa forthe elapsed time indicated in Tables 3 and 4, there shall be noleakage. Moisture appearing on the
25、surface shall not beconsidered leakage. However, moisture which starts to run onthe pipe shall be construed as leakage, regardless of quantity.At the option of the manufacturer, water within approximately5F 3C of the ambient air temperature may be introducedinto the pipe for control of condensation.
26、4.2.4.3 Absorption TestThe absorption of vitrified claypipe shall not exceed 8 % when tested in accordance with TestMethods C 301.4.2.5 Acid Resistance:4.2.5.1 This test is used to determine the resistance of pipeto the action of acids specified in Test Methods C 301. The testshall be performed only
27、 when specified.4.2.5.2 The pipe of each size and shipment shall be accept-able if the acid-soluble matter, from specimens representingsuch pipe, does not exceed 0.25 %.4.3 Sizes and Dimensions:4.3.1 Sizes and dimensions of pipe shall conform to therequirements of Table 5 or Table 6.4.3.2 The outsid
28、e diameter shall not vary from a true circleby more than 2 % of its nominal diameter.TABLE 1 Three Edge Bearing StrengthNominal Diameter, in. Bearing Strength, lb/linear ft4 20006 20008 220010 240012 260015 290018 330021 385024 440027 470030 500036 600042 700048 8000TABLE 2 Three Edge Bearing Streng
29、th SINominal Diameter, mm Bearing Strength, kN/m100 29150 29200 32250 35300 38400 42500 52600 64700 69800 77900 881000 961100 1051200 120TABLE 3 Hydrostatic Pressure Test TimeBarrel Thickness, in. Test Time, minUp to and including 1 7Over 1 including 1.5 9Over 1.5 including 2 12Over 2 including 2.5
30、15Over 2.5 including 3 18Over 3 21C 1208/C 1208M 0424.3.2.1 The out-of-round dimension is the difference be-tween the maximum and minimum diameters measured at anyone location along the pipe barrel.4.3.3 Pipe shall not deviate from straight by more than 0.05in./linear ft 4 mm/m when the maximum offs
31、et is measuredfrom the concave side of the pipe. See Fig. 1.4.3.3.1 Measurements shall be taken by placing a straight-edge on the concave side of the full length of the pipe barrelexcluding the joint and measuring the maximum distancebetween the straightedge and concave side of the pipe.4.3.4 The pl
32、ane formed by a pipe end shall not deviate bymore than 0.005 in./in. 0.005 mm/mm of outside diameterwhen measured in accordance with Fig. 1.4.3.5 The pipe wall thickness shall be a suitable dimensionto adequately distribute the field jacking forces and shall beprescribed by the manufacturer.4.4 Frac
33、tures, Cracks, and Blisters:4.4.1 There shall be no fractures or cracks passing throughthe barrel, visible to the unaided eye.4.4.2 Chips, fractures, or blisters on the pipe shall notexceed 2 in. 51 mm in any surface dimension and shall notexceed a depth of one eighth of the minimum thickness of the
34、barrel.JOINTS5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Principles of Joint Design:5.1.1 A typical joint design is indicated in Fig. 2.5.1.2 Sealing elements shall be compressed between bear-ing surfaces to ensure watertight integrity as required in 5.3.5.1.3 Sealing elements may be independent or bonded to ab
35、earing surface.5.1.4 The ends of the pipe shall incorporate a compressionring to distribute the jacking forces which develop duringinstallation.5.1.5 The outside diameter of the sleeve shall not vary fromthe outside diameter of the pipe barrel to the extent that itwould restrict the installation dur
36、ing jacking.5.2 Requirements:5.2.1 Sealing components shall meet the requirements ofTable 7.5.2.2 Sleeves shall be made of a material which in conjunc-tion with the sealing elements, forms a joint which meets thetest requirements of 5.3.5.3 Test Requirements for Assembled Joints:5.3.1 The number of
37、specimens to be tested shall not exceed0.25 % of the number of pipe of each size furnished. Aminimum of one joint shall be tested for each diameterfurnished.5.3.2 The assembled joint shall not leak when tested inaccordance with 5.4.5.4 Test Methods for Assembled Joints:5.4.1 Assemble two pipes and r
38、estrain only the amountnecessary to prevent longitudinal movement.5.4.2 Uniformly support and secure one of the pipe. To theother pipe, apply a shear load of 50 lbf/in. 8.8 kN/m ofnominal diameter uniformly over an arc of not less than 120(2.1 rad) along a distance of 12 in. 305 mm adjacent to thejo
39、int. See Fig. 3.5.4.3 Apply an internal 10-ft head (4.3 psi) 30 kPa ofwater pressure for a period of 1 h.6. Test Methods6.1 Perform required tests in accordance with Test MethodsC 301 and C 67.7. Inspection7.1 All pipe is subject to inspection by, and at the option ofthe purchaser or his representat
40、ive. Inspection shall bepromptly made at the factory or at the point of delivery. Allpipe accepted may be plainly marked by the purchaser or hisrepresentative. Rejected pipe shall not be defaced, but shall bereplaced by the manufacturer or seller without additional costwith pipe that meets the requi
41、rements of this specification.8. Installation and Field Acceptance Testing8.1 The installation of pipe prescribed in this specificationshould only be performed by contractors familiar with pipejacking and with equipment specifically designed for thispurpose.8.2 The jacking force shall not exceed the
42、 requirementsprescribed by the manufacturer and shall include a safety factoracceptable to the design engineer and contractor.8.3 Care shall be taken to maintain proper alignment duringinstallation.8.4 When required, field acceptance testing after installationmay be performed in accordance with Test
43、 Methods C 828 orC 1091.9. Product Marking9.1 Each length of pipe shall bear the identification of themanufacturer, the location of the plant and the designationASTM C 1208. The markings shall be indented on the exteriorof the pipe, or permanently marked by other means, at the timeof manufacture. Al
44、l markings shall be clearly legible, in orderto meet the identification requirements.10. Keywords10.1 clay pipe; compressive strength; jacking; jackingforce; microtunneling; pilot tube microtunneling; pipe burst-ing; sleeve; sliplining; tunnelsTABLE 4 Hydrostatic Pressure Test Time SIBarrel Thicknes
45、s, mm Test Time, minUp to and including 25 7Over 25 including 38 9Over 38 including 50 12Over 50 including 64 15Over 64 including 76 18Over 76 21C 1208/C 1208M 043TABLE 5 Dimensions and VariationsNominal Diameter, in.Out-of-StraightA,in./linear ft, maxOut-of-Round,in., maxOut-of-SquareA,in., maxBLay
46、ing Length MinusTolerance, in./linear ftNominal Inside Diameter MinusToleranceC, in.4 0.05 0.08 0.03 0.25 0.196 0.05 0.12 0.04 0.25 0.258 0.05 0.16 0.05 0.25 0.3110 0.05 0.20 0.06 0.25 0.3812 0.05 0.24 0.08 0.25 0.4415 0.05 0.30 0.09 0.25 0.5618 0.05 0.36 0.11 0.25 0.6921 0.05 0.42 0.13 0.25 0.8124
47、0.05 0.48 0.15 0.38 0.9427 0.05 0.54 0.17 0.38 1.0630 0.05 0.60 0.19 0.38 1.1936 0.05 0.72 0.22 0.38 1.4442 0.05 0.84 0.25 0.38 1.4448 0.05 0.96 0.28 0.38 1.44ASee Fig. 1.BThese numbers are approximate since they are computed using outside diameter. Consult the pipe manufacturer for specific dimensi
48、ons.CThere is no fixed + tolerance limit.TABLE 6 Dimensions and Variations SINominalDiameter,mmOut-of-StraightA,mm/M, maxOut-of-Round,mm, maxOut-of-SquareA,mm, maxBLaying Length MinusTolerance,mm/MNominal InsideDiameter MinusToleranceC,mm100 4 2 1 20 5150 4 3 1 20 6200 4 4 1 20 8250 4 5 1 20 10300 4
49、 6 2 20 12400 4 8 2 20 16500 4 10 3 20 20600 4 12 3 30 24700 4 14 4 30 28800 4 16 4 30 32900 4 18 5 30 361000 4 20 5 30 361100 4 22 6 30 361200 4 24 7 30 36ASee Fig. 1.BThese numbers are approximate since they are computed using outside diameter. Consult the pipe manufacturer for specific dimensions.CThere is no fixed + tolerance limit.NOTE 1Illustration is exaggerated to show dimensions.FIG. 1 Pipe End Squareness and Out of StraightC 1208/C 1208M 044FIG. 2 Typical Joint DesignTABLE 7 Tests for Sealing ComponentsNOTEExcept for t
