1、Designation:C124211 Designation: C1242 12Standard Guide forSelection, Design, and Installation of Dimension StoneAttachment Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONNatural building stone is chosen as a buildings cladding for its beauty which endures with minimal
3、maintenance. Stone is durable when used properly. Exercising good judgment when selecting theparticular stone, determining the quarrying and fabrication techniques, designing the method ofattachment, and installing all components correctly maximizes these benefits. A properly executedstone cladding
4、is designed and installed within the capabilities and limitations of the stone and supportsystem to resist all forces that work on them.This guide presents design principles that require consideration when designing anchorages andevaluating exterior stone to be compatible with its proposed use. It i
5、s an overview of currenttechniques and a review of minimum requirements for sound stone engineering and construction. Theguide does not list all possible methods of attachment nor does it provide a step-by-step procedure forstone anchor engineering. Knowledge gained from new engineering designs, tes
6、ting of applications,and the investigation of existing problems are continually reviewed to update this guide. Commentfrom users is encouraged.Good judgment by architects, engineers, and contractors when specifying, designing, engineering,and constructing stone and other work that interfaces stone i
7、s necessary to use this guide. Users of thisguide should combine known performance characteristics of the stone, the buildings structuralbehavior, and knowledge of materials and construction methods with proven engineering practice.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchorin
8、g systems and discusses the design principles to be considered inselecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those designconsiderations.1.3 This guid
9、e pertains to:1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to thebuilding structure,1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curt
10、ainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before thesesupport systems are attached to the building structure, and1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and stan
11、dards governing interfacingwork.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all o
12、f the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
13、Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.06 on Attachment Componentsand Systems.Current edition approved Aug.Jan. 1, 2011.2012. Published September 2011.February 2012. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20102011 asC1242 101. DO
14、I: 10.1520/C1242-112.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that u
15、sers consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2. Referenced Documents2.1
16、 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension StoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension StoneC406 Specification for Roofing SlateC482 Test
17、Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement PasteC503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneC568 Specification for Limestone Dimension StoneC615 Specification for Granite Dimension StoneC616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension StoneC629 Specification for Slate Dimension StoneC
18、880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension StoneC1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air PressureDifferenceC1354 Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone Anchorages in Dimension St
19、oneC1496 Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and FacadesC1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension StoneE632 Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid Prediction of the Service Life of Building Comp
20、onents and Materials3. Terminology3.1 General DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology C119.3.2 Specific definitions used in the design process are listed in 8.4.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors
21、 who either design or install exterior stone claddingfor architectural structures.4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchortype applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve
22、a proper and durable stone cladding.4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a buildings skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance ofother interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable b
23、uilding codes.4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supercede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of otherdimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guides recommendations. Allindustry information should be considered
24、with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
25、n the ASTM website.TABLE 1 Dimension Stone SpecificationsStone Type ASTM SpecificationCalciteAC503DolomiteAC503Granite C615LimestoneBC568Marble (exterior)BC503Quartz-BasedBC616QuartziteAC616Quartzitic SandstoneAC616SandstoneAC616SerpentineAC503Serpentine C1526Slate (roof) C406Slate (walls) C629Trave
26、rtineAC1527AThis stone type is a subclassification.BThis stone type has subclassifications or grades.C1242 122publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publications provisions if recommended by thestone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions
27、 of the individual project.4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should bedetermined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data whereapplicable. Always r
28、eference proven performance of relevant existing structures.4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.4.4 Stone SpecialistSome conditions require professional expertis
29、e to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establishappropriate testing requirements, interpret tests, design and engineer the anchoring system, or monitor its fabrication andTABLE 2 Dimension Stone Test MethodsMeasures ASTM Test Methodliquid porosity and relative density C97combined shear with
30、 tensile unit strength from bending C99ultimate crushing unit strength C170primary tensile unit strength from bending C880capacity and deflections of panels assembled withtheir anchors onto their supporting backup structureC1201individual anchor strength C1354accelerated production of service life E
31、632FIG. 1 Dowel AnchorC1242 123installation.Aspecialist is a person that complements the capabilities of the project team by contributing specific expert experiencewith the use, selection, design, and installation of dimension stone.4.4.1 Particular conditions where special expertise is suggested to
32、 achieve a reliable installation:4.4.1.1 Where complex connections or anchoring methods of unknown or questionable performance records are likely to beconsidered or specified;4.4.1.2 Where the performance record of the specified systems and materials is not known or questionable;4.4.1.3 When multipl
33、e cladding materials occur on the same facade;4.4.1.4 If the supporting structure or backup is more flexible than L/600 in any direction;4.4.1.5 If extreme loading could be caused by seismic, hurricane, tornado, or installation and handling methods;4.4.1.6 When special building code requirements pre
34、vail.4.4.1.7 If provisions of stone industry publications or project specifications differ from this guide.5. Installation Standards5.1 DocumentationThe basis for standard workmanship shall be established in the design documents issued to describe,regulate, or control the construction. These documen
35、ts may be issued by the architect, engineer, the design-build authority, thecontractor, or others authorized to impose law or code. Examples are as follows:5.1.1 The architectural drawings and specifications identifying stone type, finish, thickness, sizes, and details and therelationship to other a
36、rchitectural elements and the building structure.5.1.2 The architectural drawings and specifications identifying the scope of work and the materials required. These may: (1)define the performance criteria to be satisfied, (2) specify the standards of performance to be used in meeting those criteria,
37、 (3)FIG. 2 Kerf AnchorC1242 124provide for adequate performance guarantees for the materials and methods of construction, and (4) prescribe definitive materialdetails and systems to satisfy project requirements. In addition, the specifications shall establish stone fabrication and installationtolera
38、nces. The tolerances recommended by stone trade associations could be used as a guide and included in the specification.5.1.3 Project specifications shall cite the ASTM standard material specification (see 2.1) governing the stone intended for useand identify the classification or grade within that
39、standard specification.5.1.4 Shop drawings indicating in detail all parts of the work required, including material types, thicknesses, finishes and allother pertinent information dealing with fabrication, anchorage, and installation. The drawings shall show contiguous materials orassemblies which ar
40、e provided by others in their range of positions according to their specified tolerances.5.2 TolerancesInstallation tolerances and requirements, once specified, bind the installation contractor, by contract, toperform the work within those specified tolerances. The specification requires the install
41、ation contractor to progressively examinethe construction to which his work attaches or adjoins, reporting to the prime contractor any condition that may preventperformance within the standard established. Some commonly specified installation tolerances follow:5.2.1 Variation from plumb of wall surf
42、aces, arises, external corners, joints, and other conspicuous lines should not exceed14in. (6.4 mm) in any story or in 20 ft (6.1 m) maximum.5.2.2 Variation in level from grades shown for horizontal joints and other conspicuous lines should not exceed14 in. in 20 ft(6.4 mm in 6.1 m) maximum, nor34 i
43、n. in 40 ft (19.1 mm in 12.2 m) or more.5.2.3 Variation in linear building lines from positions shown on drawings and related portion of wall facing should not exceedFIG. 3 Rod and Plug AnchorFIG. 4 Adhesive Embedded Threaded AnchorC1242 12512 in. (12.7 mm) in any bay or 20 ft (6.1 m) maximum, nor34
44、 in. in 40 ft (19.1 mm in 12.2 m) or more.5.2.4 Variation in the face plane of adjacent pieces (lippage) should not exceed one fourth of the width of the joint between thepieces up to but not more than116 in. (1.5 mm) unless panel finish is not smooth or panel size exceeds 20 ft2(1.8 mm2).5.3 Workma
45、nshipGood construction requires mechanics that have previous successful experience installing similar stoneworkto do the new work. Less experienced personnel can only be allowed when they work in a crew continuously with the mechanicwho has previous successful experience. Similar work means same typ
46、e of site fabrication, anchorage, setting method, and supportsystem as the new work.6. Materials of Construction6.1 Metals:6.1.1 Metals used for anchors or anchorage system components are selected according to their use:6.1.1.1 Metal in contact with stone should be AISI Type 304 or 316 stainless ste
47、el, or bronze, or aluminum coated with epoxypaint or equivalent coating after fabrication. Mill finish or anodized aluminum can be used with granite. Consult metal industryFIG. 5 Point Loading PreventionFIG. 5 Point Loading Prevention (continued) (continued)C1242 126references regarding specific app
48、lication limitations and requirements, however, use Type 316 stainless steel when the project isexposed to chlorides, including locations exposed to deicing salt-laden road mists and locations within 5 to 10 miles of a saltwaterbody. Copper, brass and stainless steel wire are used for ties.6.1.1.2 S
49、tainless steel components less than14-in. (6-mm) thick should not be welded. Where welding is required in theassembly, use low-carbon versions of the alloys such as Type 304L where Type 304 is allowed and Type 316L where Type 316is allowed.6.1.1.3 Exterior wire ties used with cement mortar spots should be ductile stainless steel. Avoid copper and aluminum withmortar due to incompatibility. Stainless steel, copper, brass and aluminum can be used with gypsum or molding plaster for interiorapplications. Verify mortar or plaster will not darken or stain stone b
