1、Designation: C1242 12a1C1242 14Standard Guide forSelection, Design, and Installation of Dimension StoneAttachment Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTESections 5 through 9 were editorially reordered to follow a logical sequence in April 2013.INTRODUCTIONNatural bui
3、lding stone is chosen as a buildings cladding for its beauty which endures with minimalmaintenance. Stone is durable when used properly. Exercising good judgment when selecting theparticular stone, determining the quarrying and fabrication techniques, designing the method ofattachment, and installin
4、g all components correctly maximizes these benefits. A properly executedstone cladding is designed and installed within the capabilities and limitations of the stone and supportsystem to resist all forces that work on them.This guide presents design principles that require consideration when designi
5、ng anchorages andevaluating exterior stone to be compatible with its proposed use. It is an overview of currenttechniques and a review of minimum requirements for sound stone engineering and construction. Theguide does not list all possible methods of attachment nor does it provide a step-by-step pr
6、ocedure forstone anchor engineering. Knowledge gained from new engineering designs, testing of applications,and the investigation of existing problems are continually reviewed to update this guide. Commentfrom users is encouraged.Good judgment by architects, engineers, and contractors when specifyin
7、g, designing, engineering,and constructing stone and other work that interfaces stone is necessary to use this guide. Users of thisguide should combine known performance characteristics of the stone, the buildings structuralbehavior, and knowledge of materials and construction methods with proven en
8、gineering practice.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered inselecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone a
9、nchorage and provides a practical checklist of those designconsiderations.1.3 This guide pertains to:1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attach
10、ed to thebuilding structure,1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before thesesupport systems are attached to the building structure, and1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.1.4 Obse
11、rve all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacingwork.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information o
12、nly and are not considered standard.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.06 on Attachment Componentsand Systems.Current edition approved June 15, 2012May 1, 2014. Published July 2012June 2014. Originally
13、approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2012 asC1242 12.C1242 12a1. DOI: 10.1520/C1242-12AE01.10.1520/C1242-14.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becausei
14、t may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
15、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determin
16、e the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension StoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
17、C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension StoneC406 Specification for Roofing SlateC482 Test Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement PasteC503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneC509 Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gasket and Sealing MaterialC56
18、8 Specification for Limestone Dimension StoneC615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Sum
19、mary page on the ASTM website.FIG. 1 Dowel AnchorC1242 142C616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension StoneC629 Specification for Slate Dimension StoneC864 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Compression Seal Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and SpacersC880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension S
20、toneC1115 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Silicone Rubber Gaskets and AccessoriesC1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air PressureDifferenceC1354 Test Method for Strength of Individual Sto
21、ne Anchorages in Dimension StoneC1496 Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and FacadesC1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension StoneE632 Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid Prediction of the
22、Service Life of Building Components and Materials3. Terminology3.1 General DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology C119.3.2 Specific definitions used in the design process are listed in 7.4.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architect
23、s, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone claddingfor architectural structures.FIG. 2 Kerf AnchorC1242 1434.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchortype applications, and installation wo
24、rkmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a buildings skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance ofother interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.4.3.1 Eve
25、ry stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supercede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of otherdimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guides recomm
26、endations. Allindustry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of suchpublications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publications provisions if recommended by thestone specialist defined in 4.4 for
27、 the specific conditions of the individual project.4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should bedetermined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data w
28、hereapplicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.FIG. 3 Rod and Plug AnchorFIG. 4 Adhesive
29、 Embedded Threaded AnchorC1242 1444.4 Stone SpecialistSome conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establishappropriate testing requirements, interpret tests, design and engineer the anchoring system, or monitor its fabrication andinstallation.Aspecial
30、ist is a person that complements the capabilities of the project team by contributing specific expert experiencewith the use, selection, design, and installation of dimension stone.4.4.1 Particular conditions where special expertise is suggested to achieve a reliable installation:4.4.1.1 Where compl
31、ex connections or anchoring methods of unknown or questionable performance records are likely to beconsidered or specified;4.4.1.2 Where the performance record of the specified systems and materials is not known or questionable;4.4.1.3 When multiple cladding materials occur on the same facade;4.4.1.
32、4 If the supporting structure or backup is more flexible than L/600 in any direction;4.4.1.5 If extreme loading could be caused by seismic, hurricane, tornado, or installation and handling methods;4.4.1.6 When special building code requirements prevail.4.4.1.7 If provisions of stone industry publica
33、tions or project specifications differ from this guide.FIG. 5 Point Loading PreventionFIG. 5 Point Loading Prevention (continued)C1242 1455. Selection Considerations5.1 Review the following factors before selecting a stone material, an anchoring system and subframe system from those optionsbeing con
34、sidered:5.1.1 Have the stone materials under consideration performed well on existing buildings in similar exposures?5.1.2 Have the different anchoring and subframe systems under consideration performed well on existing buildings in similarexposures?5.1.3 How is the performance of the anchor and its
35、 engagement into the stone affected by installation and handling procedures?5.1.4 How are the performance and appearance of the subframe, the anchors connection to the subframe, and the subframesconnections to the building structure affected by differential movements?5.1.5 Do the physical characteri
36、stics of the stone measured by standard tests show the material has structural limitations? Whichphysical properties are important to the application, and which test methods measure those properties and their variability? Referto Table 2 for standard test methods and properties they measure.FIG. 6 D
37、isc AnchorFIG. 7 Combined AnchorC1242 1465.1.6 Do the physical characteristics of the stone not measured by standard tests suggest the material may have long-termdurability concerns? Other properties, including (but not limited to) resistance to chemical attack, weather-related strengthreduction, an
38、d dimensional changes, might be evaluated by special laboratory tests designed to obtain data under simulatedconditions.5.1.7 Does the project location or shape develop exceptional design wind, or seismic loads, or does the stone material requirehigher safety factors than other stones not anticipate
39、d by statutory codes?5.1.8 Do the anchor and subframe system accommodate building dimensional changes caused by wind and seismic sway,thermal and elastic deformation, creep and shrinkage, and their combined effects?5.1.9 Will contiguous facade elements such as windows, other claddings, window suppor
40、ts, or window-washing and wallmaintenance provisions influence the stone cladding, its anchoring or subframe system?5.1.10 Do the anchor or subframe systems penetrate waterproofing, facilitate internal moisture collection, or penetrate wallinsulation and cavity ventilation?5.1.11 Do the materials us
41、ed resist corrosion, galvanic and chemical reactions?5.2 The following general rules are helpful in the design of anchors and connections:5.2.1 The simplest connections are usually the best.5.2.2 Make connections with the fewest components.5.2.3 Use the fewest possible anchor connection types in any
42、 particular project.5.2.4 Provide for adjustability in connections to accommodate tolerances in materials and construction.5.2.5 Distribute the weight of stone or panel systems on no more than two points of connection where possible.5.2.6 Make anchor connection locations accessible to the craftsman.
43、5.2.7 Design connection components and stone sinkages to avoid entrapping moisture.5.2.8 At friction connections with slotted holes parallel to the direction of load, specify proper bolts, washers, slot size, and boltinstallation procedure.5.3 Safety FactorsIn order to design an anchoring system, th
44、e variabilities of the materials being considered should be knownand compensated. This is accomplished through the use of an appropriate safety factor to be applied to the stone, the anchorage,and the backup structure.5.3.1 Table 3 shows generally accepted Safety Factors for stone cladding by stone
45、type.These factors are recognized by industryspecialists and publications and are based upon past successful practice. These factors are based on a maximum coefficient ofvariation of 20 % when project samples are tested in accordance with Test Methods C99 or C880 for sedimentary stones inthicknesses
46、 of 2 in. (50 mm) or greater. Safety factors could be changed when conditions listed under 5.3.2 or 5.3.3 exist in theproject.TABLE 1 Dimension Stone SpecificationsStone Type ASTM SpecificationCalciteA C503DolomiteA C503Granite C615LimestoneB C568Marble (exterior)B C503Quartz-BasedB C616QuartziteA C
47、616Quartzitic SandstoneA C616SandstoneA C616SerpentineA C503Serpentine C1526Slate (roof) C406Slate (walls) C629TravertineA C1527A This stone type is a subclassification.B This stone type has subclassifications or grades.TABLE 2 Dimension Stone Test MethodsMeasures ASTM Test Methodliquid porosity and
48、 relative density C97combined shear with tensile unit strength from bending C99ultimate crushing unit strength C170primary tensile unit strength from bending C880capacity and deflections of panels assembled withtheir anchors onto their supporting backup structureC1201individual anchor strength C1354
49、accelerated production of service life E632C1242 1475.3.2 Exemplar Availability: A safety factor could be modified if the long-term performance of the stone material, anchor andbackup system cannot be verified by well-performing exemplars. Consult a stone specialist as defined in 4.4 for the appropriatechange in safety factor.5.3.3 Structural Variables: Asafety factor could be modified if specific conditions exist on the project different from those uponwhich Table 3 values are based. Consult a stone specialist as defined in 4.4 for the appropriate change
