1、Designation: C1242 14C1242 14aStandard Guide forSelection, Design, and Installation of Dimension StoneAttachment Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONNatural building stone is chosen as a buildings cladding for its beauty which endures with minimalmaintenance
3、. Stone is durable when used properly. Exercising good judgment when selecting theparticular stone, determining the quarrying and fabrication techniques, designing the method ofattachment, and installing all components correctly maximizes these benefits. A properly executedstone cladding is designed
4、 and installed within the capabilities and limitations of the stone and supportsystem to resist all forces that work on them.This guide presents design principles that require consideration when designing anchorages andevaluating exterior stone to be compatible with its proposed use. It is an overvi
5、ew of currenttechniques and a review of minimum requirements for sound stone engineering and construction. Theguide does not list all possible methods of attachment nor does it provide a step-by-step procedure forstone anchor engineering. Knowledge gained from new engineering designs, testing of app
6、lications,and the investigation of existing problems are continually reviewed to update this guide. Commentfrom users is encouraged.Good judgment by architects, engineers, and contractors when specifying, designing, engineering,and constructing stone and other work that interfaces stone is necessary
7、 to use this guide. Users of thisguide should combine known performance characteristics of the stone, the buildings structuralbehavior, and knowledge of materials and construction methods with proven engineering practice.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems a
8、nd discusses the design principles to be considered inselecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those designconsiderations.1.3 This guide pertains
9、to:1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to thebuilding structure,1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall com
10、ponents with stone cladding preassembled before thesesupport systems are attached to the building structure, and1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards gover
11、ning interfacingwork.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 o
12、n Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.06 on Attachment Componentsand Systems.Current edition approved May 1, 2014Oct. 15, 2014. Published June 2014December 2014. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20122014 asC1242 12aC1242 14.1. DOI: 10.15
13、20/C1242-14.10.1520/C1242-14A.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommend
14、s that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.6 This standard
15、does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)2. Referenced
16、 Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension StoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension StoneC406 Specification for Roofing Sl
17、ateC482 Test Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement PasteC503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneC509 Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gasket and Sealing MaterialC568 Specification for Limestone Dimension StoneC615 Specification for Granite Dimension StoneC6
18、16 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension StoneC629 Specification for Slate Dimension StoneC864 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Compression Seal Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and SpacersC880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension StoneC920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint SealantsC1115 S
19、pecification for Dense Elastomeric Silicone Rubber Gaskets and AccessoriesC1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air PressureDifferenceC1354C1354/C1354M Test Method for Strength of Individual St
20、one Anchorages in Dimension StoneC1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects When Establishing Sealant Joint Width2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, r
21、efer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.FIG. 18 Dowel AnchorC1242 14a2C1496 Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and FacadesC1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension StoneE632 Pract
22、ice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components and Materials3. Terminology3.1 General DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology C119.3.2 Specific definitions used in the design process are listed in 7.4.4. Signific
23、ance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone claddingfor architectural structures.4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchortyp
24、e applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a buildings skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance ofother interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall
25、 and superstructure frame.4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.FIG. 21 Kerf AnchorC1242 14a34.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supercede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of otherdimension stone industry publications sho
26、uld be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guides recommendations. Allindustry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of suchpublications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publications pro
27、visions if recommended by thestone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should bedetermined by testing and statistical methods that are eval
28、uated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data whereapplicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be in
29、teractively compatible.4.4 Stone SpecialistSome conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establishappropriate testing requirements, interpret tests, design and engineer the anchoring system, or monitor its fabrication andinstallation.Aspecialist is a pe
30、rson that complements the capabilities of the project team by contributing specific expert experiencewith the use, selection, design, and installation of dimension stone.4.4.1 Particular conditions where special expertise is suggested to achieve a reliable installation:FIG. 32 Rod and Plug AnchorFIG
31、. 43 Adhesive Embedded Threaded AnchorC1242 14a44.4.1.1 Where complex connections or anchoring methods of unknown or questionable performance records are likely to beconsidered or specified;4.4.1.2 Where the performance record of the specified systems and materials is not known or questionable;4.4.1
32、.3 When multiple cladding materials occur on the same facade;4.4.1.4 If the supporting structure or backup is more flexible than L/600 in any direction;4.4.1.5 If extreme loading could be caused by seismic, hurricane, tornado, or installation and handling methods;4.4.1.6 When special building code r
33、equirements prevail.4.4.1.7 If provisions of stone industry publications or project specifications differ from this guide.5. Selection Considerations5.1 Review the following factors before selecting a stone material, an anchoring system and subframe system from those optionsbeing considered:5.1.1 Ha
34、ve the stone materials under consideration performed well on existing buildings in similar exposures?FIG. 54 Point Loading PreventionFIG. 54 Point Loading Prevention (continued)C1242 14a55.1.2 Have the different anchoring and subframe systems under consideration performed well on existing buildings
35、in similarexposures?5.1.3 How is the performance of the anchor and its engagement into the stone affected by installation and handling procedures?5.1.4 How are the performance and appearance of the subframe, the anchors connection to the subframe, and the subframesconnections to the building structu
36、re affected by differential movements?5.1.5 Do the physical characteristics of the stone measured by standard tests show the material has structural limitations? Whichphysical properties are important to the application, and which test methods measure those properties and their variability? Referto
37、Table 2 for standard test methods and properties they measure.5.1.6 Do the physical characteristics of the stone not measured by standard tests suggest the material may have long-termdurability concerns? Other properties, including (but not limited to) resistance to chemical attack, weather-related
38、strengthreduction, and dimensional changes, might be evaluated by special laboratory tests designed to obtain data under simulatedconditions.5.1.7 Does the project location or shape develop exceptional design wind, or seismic loads, or does the stone material requirehigher safety factors than other
39、stones not anticipated by statutory codes?FIG. 65 Disc AnchorFIG. 76 Combined AnchorC1242 14a65.1.8 Do the anchor and subframe system accommodate building dimensional changes caused by wind and seismic sway,thermal and elastic deformation, creep and shrinkage, and their combined effects?5.1.9 Will c
40、ontiguous facade elements such as windows, other claddings, window supports, or window-washing and wallmaintenance provisions influence the stone cladding, its anchoring or subframe system?5.1.10 Do the anchor or subframe systems penetrate waterproofing, facilitate internal moisture collection, or p
41、enetrate wallinsulation and cavity ventilation?5.1.11 Do the materials used resist corrosion, galvanic and chemical reactions?5.2 The following general rules are helpful in the design of anchors and connections:5.2.1 The simplest connections are usually the best.5.2.2 Make connections with the fewes
42、t components.5.2.3 Use the fewest possible anchor connection types in any particular project.5.2.4 Provide for adjustability in connections to accommodate tolerances in materials and construction.5.2.5 Distribute the weight of stone or panel systems on no more than two points of connection where pos
43、sible.5.2.6 Make anchor connection locations accessible to the craftsman.5.2.7 Design connection components and stone sinkages to avoid entrapping moisture.5.2.8 At friction connections with slotted holes parallel to the direction of load, specify proper bolts, washers, slot size, and boltinstallati
44、on procedure.5.3 Safety FactorsIn order to design an anchoring system, the variabilities of the materials being considered should be knownand compensated. This is accomplished through the use of an appropriate safety factor to be applied to the stone, the anchorage,and the backup structure.5.3.1 Tab
45、le 3 shows generally accepted Safety Factors for stone cladding by stone type.These factors are recognized by industryTABLE 1 Dimension Stone SpecificationsStone Type ASTM SpecificationCalciteA C503DolomiteA C503Granite C615LimestoneB C568Marble (exterior)B C503Quartz-BasedB C616QuartziteA C616Quart
46、zitic SandstoneA C616SandstoneA C616SerpentineA C503Serpentine C1526Slate (roof) C406Slate (walls) C629TravertineA C1527A This stone type is a subclassification.B This stone type has subclassifications or grades.TABLE 2 Dimension Stone Test MethodsMeasures ASTM Test Methodliquid porosity and relativ
47、e density C97combined shear with tensile unit strength from bending C99ultimate crushing unit strength C170primary tensile unit strength from bending C880capacity and deflections of panels assembled withtheir anchors onto their supporting backup structureC1201individual anchor strength C1354individu
48、al anchor strength C1354/C1354Maccelerated production of service life E632TABLE 3 Generally Accepted Safety Factors for Stone Claddingby Stone TypeStone Type Specification Safety Factorgranite C615 3limestone C568 6group A marble C503 5travertine C1527 8sandstone C616 6slate C629 5C1242 14a7speciali
49、sts and publications and are based upon past successful practice. These factors are based on a maximum coefficient ofvariation of 20 % when project samples are tested in accordance with Test Methods C99 or C880 for sedimentary stones inthicknesses of 2 in. (50 mm) or greater. Safety factors could be changed when conditions listed under 5.3.2 or 5.3.3 exist in theproject.5.3.2 Exemplar Availability: A safety factor could be modified if the long-term performance of the stone material, anchor andbackup system cannot be verified by well-performing exemplars. Con
